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Skeletal Genesis Dominguez period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal
Genesis Dominguez
period 3
Bone fracture repair
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
Definition
: Fibroblasts and chondroblasts form a soft callus made of collagen and cartilage that bridges the broken bone ends.
Example
: A few days after a leg fracture, the soft tissue callus stabilizes the area, but the bone is still too weak to bear weight.
Bony Callus Formation
Definition
: Osteoblasts replace the soft callus with spongy bone, forming a hard callus that connects the bone fragments more firmly.
Example
: After about 3–4 weeks, new bone tissue starts to harden, visible on an X-ray as a rough, bony connection.
Hematoma Formation
Definition
: When a bone breaks, blood vessels in the bone and surrounding tissues tear, forming a hematoma (blood clot) at the fracture site.
Example
: A person breaks their arm, and within hours, swelling and bruising appear that’s the hematoma forming to start healing.
Bone Remodeling
Definition
: Osteoclasts and osteoblasts reshape the bone into its original form, restoring its strength and smooth structure.
Example
: Over several months, the healed bone in a broken wrist becomes smooth and strong again, just like before the injury.
Purpose
: Maintains bone strength, repairs damage, and regulates calcium levels.
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Central (Haversian) Canal
Definition
: The hollow center of each osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves to nourish the bone cells.
Example
: Similar to a tunnel running through each osteon.
Lacunae
Definition
: Small spaces between lamellae that house osteocytes (mature bone cells).
Example
: Tiny “rooms” where bone cells live.
Lamellae
Definition
: Concentric layers of hard, calcified matrix around the central canal that give bone its strength.
Example
: Each lamella contains collagen fibers arranged in alternating directions for durability.
Osteocytes
Definition
: Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and communicate with other cells.
Example
: They send signals through small channels to repair minor damage.
Osteon
Definition
: The basic structural unit of compact bone; a cylindrical structure that runs parallel to the bone’s length.
Example
: Like tree rings in a trunk, osteons show circular layers (lamellae) around a central canal.
Canaliculi
Definition
: Microscopic channels connecting lacunae to each other and to the central canal; allow nutrients and waste to move between cells.
Example
: Like small tunnels linking the “rooms” (lacunae).
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Circumduction: Moving a limb in a circular motion (arm circles).
Rotation: Turning around an axis (turning your head side to side).
Gliding: Sliding flat bone surfaces past one another (wrist bones).
Adduction: Moving a limb toward the body.
Abduction: Moving a limb away from the body (raising your arm to the side).
Extension: Straightening a joint (straightening your knee).
Flexion: Bending a joint (bending your elbow).
Differences Between Male and Female Skeleton
Male Skeleton
Larger and heavier bones
Narrower, deeper pelvis with a smaller pelvic opening
Skull has more pronounced brow ridges and jaw.
Female Skeleton
Lighter and smoother bones
Wider, shallower pelvis for childbirth
Skull has smaller features and a rounder forehead
Disorders/Diseases of the Skeletal System
Scoliosis
: Abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.
Fractures
: Breaks in the bone from injury or stress.
Osteomalacia
(Rickets in children): Soft bones due to vitamin D deficiency.
Osteoporosis
: Bones become weak and brittle due to loss of calcium
Arthritis
: Inflammation of joints causing pain and stiffness.
Names of Bones
Carpals/Wrist bones: allows wrist movement
Femur/thigh bone: Longest and strongest bone in body
Ulna/Forearm bone (pinky side): Forms hinge joint at elbow
Patella/Kneecap: Protects knee joint
Radius/Forearm bone (thumb side): Allows wrist rotation
Tibia/Shinbone: Main weight-bearing leg bone
Humerus/Upper arm bone: Connects shoulder to elbow
Tarsals/Ankle bones: Help with balance and walking
Sternum/Breastbone: Center chest bone that ribs attach to
Scapula/Shoulder Blade: Connects arm bone to collarbone
Fibula/Outer leg bone: Supports lower leg and ankle
Clavicle/Collarbone: Connects shoulder to chest
Pelvis/Hip bone: Supports trunk and connects legs
Mandible/Jaw bone: Holds lower teeth; moves for chewing
Vertebrae/ Spine bones:Protect spinal cord and support body
Cranium/skull: protects the brain
Ribs/Rib bones: Protect heart and lungs
Frontal bone/Forehead: Forms front part of skull
Occipital bone/Back of skull: Contains opening for spinal cord
Phalanges/Finger and toe bones: Allow movement of digits
types of bones
Irregular Bones
: Complex shapes — vertebrae, pelvis.
Flat Bones
: Protect organs — skull, ribs, sternum.
Long Bones:
Support weight and help movement — femur, humerus.
Short Bones:
Provide stability — carpals, tarsals.
Sesamoid Bones
: Form in tendons — patella (kneecap).
Anatomy of the long bone
Medullary (Marrow) Cavity
Definition: The hollow space inside the diaphysis.
Function: Contains yellow marrow, which stores fat in adults.
Endosteum
Definition: The inner lining of the bone’s medullary cavity.
Function: Contains bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) and helps with bone remodeling.
Compact Bone
Definition: Dense, hard outer layer of the bone.
Function: Provides strength and protection.
Periosteum
Definition: A tough outer covering of the bone.
Function: Protects the bone, supplies blood and nerves, and helps with growth and repair.
Metaphysis
Definition: The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis; includes the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) in children.
Function: Site of bone growth during childhood.
Diaphysis
Definition: The shaft or long central part of the bone.
Function: Provides strength and acts as a lever for movement.
Example: The middle section of the femur (thigh bone).
Epiphysis
Definition: The ends of the long bone.
Function: Forms joints with other bones and contains spongy bone with red marrow for blood cell production.
Example: The rounded ends of the humerus or femur.
Articular Cartilage
Definition: Smooth cartilage covering the ends of bones at joints.
Function: Reduces friction and absorbs shock during movement.
Spongy (Cancellous) Bone
Definition: Porous bone found mainly in the epiphyses.
Function: Contains red marrow for making blood cells.
Joints
Synovial: Free movement — elbow, knee, shoulder, hip
Cartilaginous: Slight movement — between vertebrae
Fibrous: No movement — skull sutures