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Giselle Gonzalez Skeletal P.3 - Coggle Diagram
Giselle Gonzalez Skeletal P.3
NAMES OF ALL BONES
SKULL:
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, zygomatic, nasal, vomer, maxilla, mandible sphenoid, temporal
VERTEBRAE:
cervical, thoratic, lumbar, pectoral girdle includes scapula, clavicle
ARMS:
humerous, ulna, radius
HANDS
: carpals, metacarpals, phlanges
LEGS:
femur, tibia, fibula
FEET:
tarsals, metatarsals, phlanges
PELVIS:
ilium, ischium, and pubis
ANATOMY OF THE LONG BONE
Diaphysis
: The main shaft of the bone, made of strong compact bone for structural support.
Epiphyses
: The ends of the bone, filled with spongy bone containing red bone marrow for blood cell production. They are covered with articular cartilage for smooth joint movement.
Periosteum
: A tough, outer membrane that protects the bone, provides nourishment, and helps in growth and repair.
Medullary Cavity:
The hollow central space of the diaphysis, containing bone marrow for blood cell production and fat storage.
Epiphyseal plate/line
: A growth plate located in the region between the diaphysis and epiphysis (metaphysis). It allows the bone to grow longer during childhood and becomes a line in adults.
TYPES OF BONES
1. Long Bones
Longer than they are wide; act as levers to facilitate movement.
EX:
Femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges
2. Short Bones
Roughly cube-shaped; provide stability and support.
EX:
Carpals (wrist bones) and tarsals (ankle bones)
3. Flat Bones
Thin and often curved; protect internal organs and provide large attachment areas for muscles.
EX:
Skull bones, sternum, ribs, and scapula
4. Irregular Bones
EX:
Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and hyoid bone
5. Sesamoid Bones
Bones embedded within tendons.
Patella (kneecap) is the most prominent
example
Appendicular skeleton:
Includes the bones of the limbs, shoulders, and pelvic girdle.
Axial skeleton:
Runs along the body's midline and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF BONE TISSUE
Osteocytes:
Mature bone cells that are embedded in the bone matrix. They are responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and sensing mechanical stress.
Osteoblasts
: Immature bone cells that produce bone matrix (osteoid).
Osteoclasts:
Cells that break down bone tissue for remodeling and repair
Bone remodeling
Hematoma Formation: torn blood vessels forming clottted blood
fibrocartilage callus formation: Inflammatory cells clear away the debris from the injury.
l stem cells are recruited to the site, where they differentiate into fibroblasts and chondroblasts.
bony callus formation: Osteoblasts form the new bone matrix, which calcifies and bridges the fracture gap.
bone remodeling:Osteoclasts resorb the woven bone, and osteoblasts replace it with stronger, lamellar bone.
Over time, the bone remodels itself to return to its original shape and strength
JOINTS AND MOVEMENTS
Fibrous Joints:
These joints are fixed or immovable, with bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue. Examples include the sutures in the skull.
Cartilaginous Joints:
These joints have limited movement, with bones connected by cartilage.
Synovial Joints:
These joints are freely movable and the most common type. They have a synovial capsule filled with synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint
Immovable (Synarthrosis):
These joints do not allow any movement, such as fibrous joints
Slightly Moveable (Amphiarthrosis):
These joints allow limited movement, such as cartilaginous joints.
Freely Moveable (Diarthrosis):
These joints allow a wide range of motion and include synovial joints
Plane (Gliding):
These joints allow sliding or gliding movements, such as the joints between the carpal bones in the wrist.
Hinge:
These joints allow flexion and extension movements, such as the elbow joint.
Pivot:
These joints allow rotation around a single axis, such as the joint between the first two vertebrae in the neck.
Condyloid (Ellipsoidal):
These joints allow up-and-down, side-to-side, and rotational movements, such as the wrist joint.
Saddle:
These joints allow up-and-down, side-to-side, and rotational movements in a limited range, such as the thumb joint.
Ball and Socket:
These joints allow movement in all directions
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE:
Female pelvises are wider and shallower to accommodate childbirth, while male skeletons are typically larger, heavier, and more robust, with more pronounced features on the skull due to greater muscle mass
BONE DISEASES
Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased fracture risk.
Osteomalacia: A metabolic disorder where bones become soft and weak due to vitamin D deficiency.
Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones and frequent fractures.
Paget's disease of bone: A chronic condition that causes abnormal bone growth and deformities
