Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Botany Exam 3, image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - developing embryo
        
        integuments
        
        nutrients
  - - - single megaspore
        
        in a nucellus (megasporangium)
        
        help in cup structures (cupules)
    - - partial enclosure of megasporangium before integuments
        
        lobate and partially fused at base
        
        limited protection but could fertilize
        
        fused into layer over time
        
        examples of early unfused: Moresnetia zaleskyi and Elkinsia polymorpha
        
        micropyle evolved
        
        2 more items...
      - Extinct progymnosperms
        
        lobed integuments like devonian seeds
        
        evolved to enclosed ovules
        
        ovules could have evolved from shoot apex
        
        genes in shoot apex development expressed in the nucellus of developing ovules
    - - Integuments
        
        protective layers enclose megasporangium
        
        shields developing ovules
      - Micropyle and pollen chamber
        
        efficient fertilization
        
        capture and retain pollen
      - Hetrospory
        
        distinct male and female spores
        
        megaspore protection could develop
      - Nutritive tissue
        
        nucellus and endosperm
        
        support embryo develoment
  - - - two different spores (microspores and megaspores)
        
        microspores
        
        numerous and small
        
        turn into male gametophytes
        
        produce sperm
        
        megaspores
        
        larger and fewer
        
        female gametophytes
        
        egg
        
        resource allocation
        
        more nutrients to fewer larger megaspores
        
        evolved independently in plant lineages
        
        prereq for seeds
        
        in lychophytes
  - - - became surrounded by sterile tissues
        
        small opening at top called micropyle
    - - gymnosperms have 2 integuments
  - - - maintains environment for gametophyte
        
        shift to sporocyte dominant
  - - - megasporocyte meisosis to 4 megaspores
        
        over time 3 of them reduced leaving 1
        
        this spore is retained in the megasporangium
        
        undergoes mitosis to form endosporic megagametophyte
        
        remains in megaspore wall
        
        protects megagametophyte to make archegonia and eggs
  - - - zygote becomes embryo in megagametophyte
        
        gives nutrients
        
        nesting doll structure
        
        megaspore wall, nucellus, integuments
  - - - in ealry plants microgametophytes were free living
        
        sperm produced through mitosis in antheridia
        
        drier enviroments mader water fertilization harder
        
        made microgametophyte reduce and become more efficient
        
        pollen grain in angiosperms and gymnosperms
    - - mitosis to form 3 or 2 cells
        
        gymnosperm: tube cell and a generative cell
        
        angiosperm: three-celled gametophyte
    - - airbladders for wind
        
        exine protects from desiccation
        
        pollen grains produced in mass amounts
    - - pollen tube that goes directly to egg
        
        gymnosperm pollen tube takes in resources to support microgametophyte
        
        angiosperms have synergids to help the pollen tube get to the egg
      - flagella to no flagella
  - - - gametophyte position in ovules nutrient tissues
        
        megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
        
        makes 3 haploid megaspores
        
        one survives a the other 3 disintegrate
        
        mitosis into megagametophyte
        
        gymnosperms
        
        1 more item...
        
        angiosperms
        
        1 more item...
    - - integuments
        
        1 or 2 layers
        
        seed coat
        
        micropyle for sperm entry
        
        gymnosperm 1
        
        angiosperm 2
      - funiculus
        
        stalk
        
        connects ovule to placenta
        
        nutrient transfer
      - nucellus (megasporangium)
        
        nutritive environment for gametophyte and embryo
    - - pollen grain germinates on stigma
        
        pollen tube goes to ovule
        
        synergids help guide sperm
        
        pollen tube bursts releasing 2 sperm into megagametophyte
        
        one goes to egg other to two haploid polar nuclei
        
        triploid endosperm
      - in angiosperms
    - - monocots one cotyledon
        
        eudicots 2 cotyledon
        
        cotyledons eat the endosperm so they are the nutritive source
        
        endosperm
        
        thinner seed coat
- - - - optimized for reproduction
        
        squashed stem
        
        bisexual
        
        radially symetric
        
        many whirls of petals
        
        androecium with many stamen
        
        1 more item...
  - - - many flowers have bilateral symmetry
        
        targets specific pollinators
        
        ovary started being inferior (below)
        
        greater protection
  - - - contains all reproductive organs and flower organs
        
        from modified shoot tip
    - - calyx- outermost whirl
        
        consists of leaflike sepals
        
        calyx protects flower
        
        can be colorful and hard to tell from petals (tepals)
        
        tepals increase visitation and reproduction
    - - above calyx and sepals
        
        corolla made of petals
        
        colorful attract pollinators
        
        wind = no petals
        
        come in different shapes for different purposes
    - - above petals
        
        stamen
        
        stamen = filament + anther
        
        filament = stalk
        
        anther = pollen production
        
        4 microsporangia
        
        tapetum inside microsporangia
        
        1 more item...
    - - carpels
        
        stigma
        
        top part of carpel
        
        captures pollen grains
        
        often sticky or feathery
        
        style
        
        connects stigma to ovary
        
        positions stigma to catch pollen
        
        ovary
        
        base of carpel
        
        houses ovules
        
        contains megasporangia
        
        after fertilization
        
        1 more item...
  - - - ovary above whirls
    - - ovary below whirls
        
        ovary embedded deeper for protection
    - - androecium, corolla, and calyx below recepicle
    - - androecium, corolla, and calyx above recepicle
    - - ovary in center
    - - hermaphrodite-both
        
        monoecious- 1 sex
  - - - gives signals to pollinators
        
        some in UV people cannot see
        
        bees like blue and yellow
        
        butterflies like red
        
        patterns direct pollinators to rewards
        
        if no animal pollinator dull colors
        
        color expensive
    - - lures pollinators
        
        attracts or tricks
    - - different symmetry attracts differently
        
        more specific less broad
        
        radial more broad
    - - diurnal or nocturnal
        
        attract night (bat/moth) or day pollinators (bee/bird)
    - - nectar
        
        sugary amino acids
        
        food source for pollinators (butterflies, bees, etc)
      - pollen
        
        bees
      - oil
        
        bees can attract mates with it
        
        ants use it
    - - Anemophily
        
        wind
        
        bland- no color or smell
      - Hydrophily
        
        water
        
        air sacs
        
        travel in currents
      - Melittophily
        
        bees
        
        blue or yellow often in UV
        
        sweet/smell nice
        
        landing pad and patterns
        
        ex. tomatoes
      - Psychophily
        
        butterflies
        
        vivid colors/red
        
        clusters for landing
        
        tubes for giving nectar
      - Phalaenophily
        
        moth
        
        night
        
        pale or white
        
        strong sweet smell
        
        narrow tubes
      - Myophily
        
        flies
        
        dull colors
        
        smells like rotting flesh to trick flies into place to land eggs
        
        little nectar
      - Ornithophily
        
        birds
        
        bright colors and reds
        
        no smell
        
        lots of nectar
      - Chiropterophily
        
        bats
        
        sturdy
        
        open at night
        
        lots of nectar
        
        bats have to eat a lot
      - Cantharophily
        
        beetle
        
        broad bowl shape
        
        can be sweet or bad
        
        regular amount of nectar or pollen
        
        sometimes lots of small blossoms
      - Deceptive
        
        mimics mates to trick pollinators
        
        can be through color, smell, shape, etc
  - - - after fertalization carpel turns into fruit
        
        ovary wall thickens into fruit (pericarp)
        
        mesocarp
        
        juicy fleshy part
        
        endocarp
        
        innermost layer
        
        exocarp
        
        outer layer
        
        other contributing floral tissues
        
        if not the ovary is accessory tissue
    - - fruit without fertilization
        
        generally in stores
        
        hormonal triggers allow it to grow
    - - 2 cotyledon
        
        more diverse fruit
    - - 1 cotyledon
    - - simple
        
        1 carpel
        
        or many fused
        
        tomatoes
      - aggregate
        
        separate carpels make one fruit
        
        Strawberries
        
        tiny specs are the true fruit, fleshy recepticle
    - - wind
        
        light carried by breeze
        
        may have wings
      - Animal Dispersal
        
        fleshy and nutritious
        
        tough seed go through digestive tracts
        
        can stick to animals to passively disperse
      - Self-Dispersal
        
        can explode
        
        eject seeds
      - water
        
        bouyant
        
        coconut
- - - - diploid sporophyte generation to
        
        haploid gametophyte generation
    - - reducing diploid sporocysts to haploid spores
        
        meiosis I and meiosis II
        
        four haploid daughter cells
        
        spores
    - - Prophase 1:
        
        Metaphase 1:
        
        Anaphase 1:
        
        Telophase I/Cytokinesis
        
        Prophase II:
        
        Metaphase II:
        
        2 more items...
        
        chromosomes condense again in each
        
        1 more item...
        
        Cell splits into 2 haploid daughter cells
        
        each one set of chromosomes
        
        chromosomes separate to poles
        
        halves the chromosomes (haploid)
        
        paired homologous chromosomes align
        
        at metaphase plate
        
        chromosomes condense
        
        homologous chromosomes pair
        
        cross over (exchange genetic material)
        
        genetic combination makes unique spores
    - - develop into gametophytes
        
        produce gametes through mitosis
    - - microtubules are in the middle
        
        separate chromosomes
    - - unlike animals
  - - - haplontic life cycle
        
        haploid organism produces gametes
        
        fertilize into diploid zygote
        
        goes through meiosis to produce haploid cells
        
        they turn into multicellular haploid organisms
        
        this cycle lacks multicellular diploid stage crucial to embryophyte
    - - alternation of generations
        
        diploid sporophyte/ haploid gametophyte
        
        sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis
        
        spores germinate
        
        become multicellular haploid gametophytes
        
        gametophytes produce gametes through mitosis
        
        pollen combines with egg to form zygote
        
        divides by miosis to make the next sporphytes
    - - interpolation theory
        
        zygote undergoes mitotic division
        
        forms multicellular diploid structure
      - overtime complexity and specialization selected
        
        some cells reproduce some do not
        
        parasitic sporophyte
        
        became independent
      - early sporophytes
        
        simple clusters of diploid cells
        
        capable of meiosis
        
        specialized over time
        
        had a foot (anchoring)
        
        seta
        
        sporangium
        
        needed gametophyte
        
        could not photosynthate
    - - liverworts and mosses
        
        sporophyte is small and dependant
        
        liverworts
        
        gametophyte main plant body
        
        parasitic sporophyte
        
        archegoniophore
      - cycle
        
        zygote
        
        mitosis
        
        sporophyte
        
        archegoniophore (spore dispersal)
        
        sporangium inside
        
        meisosis
        
        1 more item...
      - male gametophyte
        
        antheridiophores
        
        antheridia
        
        sperm produced
        
        sperm swim to egg
        
        fertilization
        
        1 more item...
        
        hairs paraphyses (sterile)
        
        maintain moisture/ structural support
      - female gametophyte
        
        archegoniophores
        
        archegonia
        
        contain egg
  - - - heterospory
        
        two different sizes of spores
        
        female gametophyte in spore wall
        
        sperm keep flagella
        
        water is needed to fertilize
      - sporophyte is the dominant stage
        
        lots of sporophylls
        
        has sporangia
        
        megaspore
        
        larger
        
        meisosis in megasporangia make 4
        
        microspore
        
        smaller
        
        meiosis microsporangia make a lot
        
        spores germinate in spore wall
      - microgametophyte
        
        mitosis
        
        sperm
        
        released from spore wall
      - megagametophyte
        
        develop in megaspore
        
        spore wall splits open
        
        archegonia showed
        
        sperm go in and fertilize
    - - sporophyte main
        
        gametophyte short lived
      - zygote
        
        sporophyte
        
        mitosis
        
        multicellular structure
        
        sporangias
        
        meiosis makes spores
        
        1 more item...
      - gametophyte
        
        heart shape
        
        make antheridia and archegonia
        
        water needed for fertalization
        
        zygote forms
        
        into sporophyte
        
        1 more item...
      - Differences
        
        in lychophytes
        
        gametophytes stay closed in spore wall
        
        heterospory
        
        moniphilite
        
        homospory
        
        free living gametophytes
  - - - dominant sporocyte stage with gametophytes reduced
        
        gametophytes are small and dependent on sporocytes
      - zygote
        
        mitosis
        
        multicellular sporophyte (embryo)
        
        embryo encased in a seed
        
        seed protects and provides nutrition
        
        germination leads to mature sporophyte (ex. tree)
        
        1 more item...
    - - pollen grain lands on female cone
        
        pollen grain grows a pollen tube to give sperm nuclei to egg
        
        sperm and egg nuclei fuse
        
        zygote mitotically divides into a sporophyte
    - - dominant sporocyte stage with gametophytes reduced
        
        gametophytes are small and dependent on sporocytes
      - zygote
        
        mitosis
        
        embryo (in seed)
        
        germinates and grows mitoically
        
        sporophyte matures
        
        flowers
        
        2 more items...
      - fertilization
        
        unique double fertilization
        
        one sperm + on egg = zygote
        
        other sperm fuses with 2 polar bodies
        
        triploid endosperm
        
        nutritive tissue to embryo