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George Velis Period 3 Skeletal - Coggle Diagram
George Velis Period 3 Skeletal
Anatomy of long bone
The long bone has a shaft called the
diaphysis
;it’s made of compact bone and gives strength. The ends are the
epiphyses
, which are spongy bone and covered in cartilage to help joints move smoothly. Inside the shaft is the
medullary cavity
, which holds bone marrow that makes blood cells. The
periosteum
is a tough outer layer where muscles and ligaments attach. There's also the
epiphyseal plate
(growth plate), where the bone grows in length during childhood and adolescence.
Microscopic
Osteoclasts
- They break down bone for calcium release and remodeling.
Bone lining cells-
Inactive cells on bone surfaces that help regulate calcium and protect the bone.
Osteocytes
- Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue and sense mechanical stress.
Osteoblasts
- Bone forming cells that build new bone by producing bone matrix.
Osteogenic
- Periosteum and endosteum stem cells that can turn into osteoblast, bone lining cells-, or stay the same due to them being mitotically active.
Bone Remodeling
Bone Remodeling:
process where old bone tissue is broken down and replaced with new bone. Two main types of cells:
osteoclasts
, which break down old bone, and
osteoblasts
, which build new bone. Remodeling happens throughout life.
Bone Tissue
Fibrocartilage:
Thick collagen fibers that have great tensile strength. Located in menisci of knee and vertebral discs.
Elastic Cartilage:
similar to Hyaline, has elastic fiber. Located in inner ear and epiglottis
Hyaline Cartilage:
provides flexibility, support, and resilience. It is the most abundent and only contains collagen fibers. In articular/joints, costal/ribs, respiratory/larynx, and nose tip.
Diseases/disorders
Bone Diseases:
There are several bone disorders that affect how strong or healthy bones are. One of the most common is
osteoporosis
, which makes bones weak and more likely to break, especially in older adults.
Osteomalacia
is when bones become soft, often due to not getting enough vitamin D. There's also
osteogenesis imperfecta
, a condition people are born with that causes bones to break very easily. Another disorder is
Paget’s disease
, which causes bones to grow larger and weaker than normal. These diseases can affect movement and make everyday activities harder.
Male and Female Skeletons
Female
: have wider, shallower, and more oval shaped pelvis. Have smaller bones and a smoother skull, in which they stop growing at around 18 years old. They are more common to get osteoporosis
Male
: Have narrower, deeper and more heart shaped pelvis. Tend to have a larger and great bone density;thicker bones, unlike females. Have a larger skull with more prominent brow ridges.
Types of bones
Short
- Cube shaped, mostly located in carpals and tarsals. Ex. Lunate, pisform, and cuboidal
Flat
- Thin, flat, and slightly curved like the cranial bones, ribs, and sternum. Ex. Occipital, frontal, and temporal
Long
- More longer in length then width. Ex. Bones like the radius, ulna, humerus, femur, tibia, and fibula
Irregular
- Complex shapes like vertebrae and pelvis. Ex. illium, ischium, and sacrum.
All Bones
Clavicle
- Collar bone
Carpals
- Wrist
Scapula
- Shoulder blades
Metacarpals
- Palm
Mandible - Jaw
Phalanges
- Fingers
Frontal
- Forehead
Coxal
- Hips
Vertebral Column
- Spinal cord
Femur
- Thigh
Coccyx
- Tailbone
Tarsals
- Ankles
Humerus
- Forearm bone
Calcaneus
- Heel
Tibia
- Shin
Movements by Synovial
Angular
: increase or decrease between two bones
Abduction
: movement away from midline along frontal plane
Hypertension:
movement beyond anatomical position
Adduction:
movement toward midline along frontal plane
Extension
: increasing the angle
Circumduction:
involves flexion. extension, and adduction of limb
Flexion:
decreasing the angle
Rotation
: turning of bone around its long axis towards/away midline
Lateral
: rotation away from midline
Medial
: rotation toward midline
Gliding
: flat bone surface glides/slips over another; Ex. carpals and tarsal joints
Special Movements
Inversion
: soles face medially.
Enversion:
soles face laterally
Protraction
: moving body away from body; mandible juts out.
Retraction
: moving body towards body; pulling mandible towards neck
Dorsiflexion
: foot bends towards shin.
Planter flexion
: pointing toes
Elevation
: lifting body parts superiorly; Ex. shoulders.
Depression
: lowering body parts inferiorly.
Supintation
: Palms face anterior; radius & ulna (parallel),
Pronation
: Palms face posteriorly, radius rotates over ulna
Opposition
: movement of thumb; touching other finger tips
Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
- Joined by cartilage, no joint cavity, & not high mobility.
Symphyses
: Fibrocartilage unites the bones, in which hyaline is also present due to the articular cartilage being on the bony surfaces. It is strong and amphiarthrotic
Synchondrosis:
United by bar/plate of hyaline cartilage, in which it is almost synarthrotic.
Synovial Joints
- Separated by fluid filled cavities, and are diarthrotic.
Plane:
between small bones in the wrist and ankles; allows gliding and sliding movements
Saddle:
in thumb; allows back and forth movement and left-right.
Ball-and-socket
- Located in shoulder and hip; movement allowed in all directions
Hinge:
in knee and elbow; allows flexion and extension in one direction.
Condylar:
In wrist allows movement in two planes, no rotation.
Pivot:
in neck (atlas/axis); allows rotation movement.
Fibrous Joints
- Joints made from dense fibrous connective tissues, have no joint cavity, has synarthroses
Sutures
- Rigid interlocked joints of the skull. It expands during youth, allowing growth. Yet, mid age it starts to ossify to protect the brain.
Syndesmoses
- connects two adjacent bones with strong bands/ligaments that are made of fibrous connective tissue. The short fibers offer little to no movement, while the longer allow far stretching.
Gomphoses
- Similar to teeth, their is a peg socket joint. Periodontal ligaments holds the tooth in its socket.
Bone Fracture Repair
Bone Remodeling
- Occurs during Bony callus formation for several months. It removes material from the exterior bone shaft and medullary cavity. It also rebuilds compact bone to restore the shaft walls, along with resembles the original bone, adapting to mechanical stress.
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
- Capillaries grow into a hematoma, phagocytic cells clear debris, fibroblast make collagen to help breaks and connect broken ends. The fibroblast, cartilage, and osteogenic cells reconstruct the bones.
Hematoma Reformation
- torn blood vessels forming a mass of clotted blood called a hematoma. The site of the injury is painful, inflamed, and swollen.
Bony Callus Formation
- New trabeculae appears in fibrocartilaginous cells within a week.