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Andrea Hernandez Period 3 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Andrea Hernandez Period 3 Skeletal System
Movements Allowed By Synovial Joints
Lateral Rotation: Rotating away the median plane
Rotation: Medial Rotation: Rotating toward the median plane
Circumduction: moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
Adduction: moving a limb toward from the body midline in the frontal plane
Nonaxial: slipping movements only, Uniaxial: movement in one plane, Biaxial: movement in two planes, & Multiaxial: movement in or around all three planes
Origin: attachment to immovable bone & Insertion: attachment to movable bone
Extension: increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
Abduction: moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane
Angular: Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
Gliding: sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
Supination & Pronation: rotation of radius & ulna
Dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin & Plantar Flexion of foot: pointing toes
Inversion: sole of foot faces medially & Eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction and retraction: movement in lateral plane
Elevation: lifting body part superiorly & Depression: lowering body part
Opposition: movement of thumb
Anatomy of Long Bone
Gross Anatomy
Compact Bone: dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth & solid
Spongy bone: made up of trabeculae
Diaphysis: tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
Epiphyses: ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
Epiphyseal Line: between diaphysis and epiphysis
Membranes
Periosteum: white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
Fibrous layer: outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue
Osteogenic layer: inner layer abutting bone and contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that gives rise to most all bone cells
Endosteum: delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface, covers trabeculae of spongy bone, & contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into
other bone cells
Red Marrow: found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones (sternum)
yellow marrow can convert to red
Newborns: Medullary cavities and all spongy bone contain red marrow Adults: red marrow is located in heads of femur and humerus
Bone Markings: sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces
Projection: outward bulge of bone
Depression: bowl- or groove-like cut-out that can serve as passageways for vessels and nerves
Opening: hole or canal in bone that serves as passageways for blood vessels and nerves
Disorders/Diseases
Paget's Disease: excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly Treatment: calcitonin and bisphosphonates
Osteoporosis: a group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit Treating: Calcium, Vitamin D supplements, weight bearing exercise
Osteomalacia: bones are poorly mineralized, osteoid is produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited & results in soft weak bones
Rickets: results in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long Cause: vitamin D deficiency
Names of All Bones
Calcaneus: heel bone
Metatarsals: foot bones
Fibula: calf bone & thin bone next to the tibia
Phalanges (hand): finger bones
Tibia: shin bone & larger lower leg bone
Patella: kneecap & small bone protecting the knee joint.
Femur: thigh bone & longest bone in body.
Pelvis: hip bone
Sacrum: triangular bone at spine base
Lumbar vertebrae one of five vertebrae in the lower back
Cervical vertebrae: neck bone & one of seven vertebrae in the neck region
Ribs: curved bones protecting chest organs
Sternum: flat bone in the center of the chest connecting ribs
Ulna: forearm bone in the pinky side
Radius: forearm bone on the thumb side
Humerus: upper arm bone & bone running from shoulder to elbow
Scapula: shoulder blade & flat bone forming the back part of shoulder
Clavicle: collarbone & bone connecting the shoulder blade to the sternum
Mandible: lower jaw & movable bone bone the lower jaw.
Frontal Bone: forehead bone & bone forming the front part of the skull above
Male & Female Skeleton Differences
Male: larger, heavier, thicker/denser bones, pelvis shape is narrow/deep, femur bone is thicker, skull is larger & heavier
Female: smaller, lighter, thinner/lighter bones, pelvis shape is wide/shallow, femur is thinner, skull is smaller/lighter
Types of Bones
Flat Bones: thin flat, slightly curved (sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones)
Short Bones: cube-shaped bones( wrist & ankle)
Sesamoid Bones: form within tendons (patella)
Irregular Bones: complicated shapes (vertebrae & hip bones)
Longer Bones: longer than they are wide (limb bones)
Bone Remodeling
Bone Deposit: new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Remodeling Units: packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
Bone Resportion: function of osteoclasts & dig depressions or grooves as they break down matrix
Joints
Structural: three types based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present
Cartilaginous Joints: bones united by cartilage
Synchondroses: bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones (immovable)
Symphyses: fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint (slightly moveable)
Synovial Joints: bones seperated by fluid-filled joint cavity (Articular cartilage, Joint cavity, Articular capsule, Synovial fluid, Reinforcing ligaments, & Nerves and Blood Vessels)
Fibrous Joints: bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
Syndesmoses: bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue (short fibers offer little to no movement) (longer fibers offer a larger amount of movement)
Gomphoses: peg-in-socket joints & fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
Sutures: rigid, interlocking joints of skull, allow for growth during youth & in middle age, they ossify & fuse
Functional: three types based on movement joint allows
Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
Diarthroses: freely movable joints
Synarthroses: immovable joints
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Osteocytes: mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide & maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors
Bone-Lining Cells: flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix
Osteoblasts: actively mitotic/ bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
Osteoclasts: multinucleate cells function in bone resorption (breakdown of bone) & cells are located in depressions called resorption bays
Osteogenic Cells: mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum & when stimulated, they differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells
Compact Bone: consists of osteon, canals & canaliculi, interstitial & circumferential lamelle
Osteon: consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone & an osteon cylinder consists of several rings of bone matrix called lamellae
Canals & Canaliculi
Perforating Canals: canals lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal
Central Canal: runs through core of osteon
Lacunae: small cavities that contain osteocytes
Canaliculi: hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal
Spongy Bone: appears poorly organized but is actually organized along lines of stress to help
bone resist any stress
Bone Fracture Repair
Hematoma Formation: torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation: capillaries grow into hematoma, & fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
Immobilization: bone by cast or traction is needed for healing
Bony Callus Formation: callus is converted to bony callus of spongy bone
Treatment: reduction, the realignment of broken bone ends
Bone Remodeling: begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months & excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed