Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
HUMAN ANATOMY AND INTEGUMENT SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram
HUMAN ANATOMY AND INTEGUMENT SYSTEM
The Anatomical Position
Standard reference posture used in anatomy
In this position, the person stands upright with legs either together or slightly apart, feet flat and toes pointing forward.
The arms hang at the sides of the body, but slightly away from the trunk, and the palms face forward (anteriorly), with the thumbs pointing outward (laterally)
The head and eyes face forward
The reason for adopting such a position is to provide a consistent orientation so anatomical terms can be applied uniformly regardless of how a person is actually positioned.
The Human Body Using Directional and Regional Terms
Directional Terms
Regional Terms
Regional terms refer to specific areas or regions of the body to describe locations more precisely.
Identify Three Planes Most Commonly Used in the Study of Anatomy
Body Planes
Imaginary two-dimensional surfaces that pass through the body and are used to divide it into sections for anatomical study and description.
The three planes most commonly used in the study of anatomy are:
Sagittal Plane
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
The Major Cavities of the Body and The Organs they Contain
Body Cavity
A fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects organs. These body cavities are separated by membranes and other structures in the body.
The two primary body cavities are:
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity
The upper part of the skull
Formed by neurocranium and contains the brain, which is protected with the help of protective meninges and cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Located in the skull; contains the brain.
Spinal cavity
A cavity that’s long and narrow
Located inside the vertebral column
Continous with cranial cavity through the foramen magnum of the skull and extends into the vertebral column. It protects the spinal cord.
Runs through the vertebral (spinal) column; contains the spinal cord.
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic cavity
Fills the chest and bound laterally by the ribs and the diaphragm caudally.
There are 2 parts:
Pleural cavities — each houses a lung.
Pericardial cavity — encloses the heart.
Abdominopelvic cavity
The part that fills the lower part of the front of the body.
There are 2 parts:
Abdominal cavity — contains most of the digestive organs (stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, etc.) and the kidneys.
Pelvic cavity — contains the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and distal parts of the digestive and excretory systems (e.g. rectum).
Distinguish Between The Posterior (dorsal) and The Anterior (ventral) Body Cavities, Identifying Their Subdivisions and Representative Organs Found in Each
Body Cavities
Dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) cavity ⟶ largest body compartments
Function ⟶ protect & contain internal organs
There are 2 parts:
Anterior Cavity
Anterior ⟶ front or direction towards the front of the body
Anterior Cavity ⟶ larger than the posterior cavity
Two main subdivision:
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Posterior Cavity
Posterior ⟶ back or direction toward the back of the body
Divided into two:
Cranial Cavity (houses the brain)
Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity (protects & encloses the spinal cord)
Both protected by:
Bones (skull and vertebral column)
Cerebrospinal fluid ⟶ colorless fluid produced by the brain, cushions the brain and spinal cord (within the dorsal cavity)
Serous Membrane and Explain its Function
A thin membrane that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
Parietal Layers ⟶ line the body cavity walls
Visceral Layer ⟶ covers the organs (viscera)
There’s a thin fluid-filled cavity between these two layers ⟶ serous space/cavity
Secretes thin slippery serous fluid inside the cavities
Serous membrane:
Pleura ⟶ encloses the pleural cavity (the lungs)
Pericardium ⟶ encloses the pericardial cavity (the heart)
Peritoneum ⟶ encloses the peritoneal cavity (surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity)
Define, compare and contrast two serous and mucosal membranes
Serous Membrane
Produce serous fluid that acts as a lubricant.
Reduce friction between organs and allow smooth organ movement.
Composed of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) over connective tissue.
Ex: Pleura surrounding the lungs.
Found in closed body cavities such as the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum.
Mucosal Membrane
Produce mucus that moistens and protects surfaces.
Protect underlying tissues, trap foreign particles, and aid in absorption and secretion.
Made up of epithelial tissue, lamina propria, and sometimes a thin layer of smooth muscle.
Ex: Lining of the oral cavity or intestinal tract.
Found in body passages that open to the exterior, including the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts.
The Components of the Integument System
Skin (Cutaneous Membrane)
The largest organ of the body, composed of the epidermis and dermis.
Functions as a protective barrier, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss.
Epidermis
The outermost layer made of stratified squamous epithelium.
Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells.
Responsible for protection and forming a waterproof surface.
Dermis
The middle layer composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings.
Provides strength, elasticity, and nourishment to the epidermis.
Accessory Structures (Skin Appendages)
Nails: Protect fingertips and enhance grip.
Hair: Provides protection and sensation.
Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous glands): Help regulate body temperature through sweat secretion.
Sebaceous Glands: Produce sebum to lubricate skin and hair.
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
Lies beneath the dermis; composed mainly of adipose and areolar tissue.
Anchors the skin to underlying structures and acts as insulation.
Why do Skin and its Appendages are Considered Organs of the Integument System?
The skin is an organ made up of multiple tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous) that work together to perform vital functions.
These form the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, which protect the body, regulate temperature, and sense stimuli.
Skin appendages such as hair, nails, and glands support these roles by providing protection, maintaining hydration, and aiding excretion.
These structures form the integumentary system, which maintains homeostasis and shields internal organs.
