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Circulation, Respiratory, and Immune systems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Closed circulatory system- One or more hearts pump blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones which infiltrate tissues and organs. Chemical exchange occurs between blood and interstitial fluid and then with cells. Annelids, cephalopods, and all vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.
        
        Three main types of blood vessels- arteries, veins, and capillaries.
        
        Arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to heart
        
        Single circulation- Have a heart that has two chambers. Blood goes in one single circuit. Found in fish.
        
        Double circulation- Found in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Have two circuits of blood flow. An extra circuit for O2 exchange. Amphibians have three chambers, others have four.
- - - - Contraction phase is systole and relaxation phase is diastole
    - - Atrial systole and ventricular diastole- A brief period of atrial contraction then forces all blood remaining in the atria into the ventricles.
        
        Ventricular systole and atrial diastole- During the remainder of the cycle, ventricular contraction pumps blood into the large arteries through the semilunar valves,
    - - Cardiac output- volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute
      - Heart rate- number of beats per minute
      - Stroke volume- amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contraction
- - - - Neutrophils- Circulate in blood and are attracted by signals from infected tissues and engulf and destroy pathogens
      - Macrophages- Some migrate while others stay permanently in organs or tissues where they are likely to encounter pathogens. They are the big eaters.
      - Others
        
        Dendritic cells- Stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens they engulf
        
        Eosinophils- Important in defending against multicellular invaders such as parasites. Upon an encounter, they discharge destructive enzymes.
        
        Natural killer cells- Detect abnormal surface proteins found on some virus-infected and cancerous cells. The release chemicals that trigger cell death as to not allow the spread.
        
        Mast cells- Make key contributions to inflammatory responses.
- - - - B cells release antibodies
      - T cells attach to the MHC which has a antigen fragment which the T cell can recognize