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Energy Transformation and metabolism in living systems - Coggle Diagram
Energy Transformation and metabolism in living systems
Energy and Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics
1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd Law: Every energy transfer increases entropy
Forms of Energy
Kinetic -ex motion
Thermal- random molecular movement turns to heat
Potential - stored energy
Chemical - energy in bonds
Energy in Biological Systems
Metabolism: all chemical reactions in a cell
Metabolic Pathways
Catabolic: breaks down molecules and releases energy
Anabolic: builds molecules and consumes energy
ATP and Energy
ATP = Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates
Phosphorylation: ATP donates phosphate to another molecule → makes it more reactive
ATP Cycle: energy from catabolism regenerates ATP
Cell reactions
Chemical causes endergonic reactions
Transport pumps substances
Mechanical muscle contraction
Enzymes and regulation
Enzymes as catalyst
Function - speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
Substrate = molecule enzyme goes on
Active site = where substrate binds
Enzyme activity considerations
Temperature: 37 C for humans
each enzyme has an optimal pH
Enzyme Inhibition
Competitive inhibitor mimics substrate and blocks active site
Noncompetitive: inhibitor binds elsewhere and changes enzyme shape
Examples: toxins, pesticides, antibiotics
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Allosteric Regulation molecule binds to site and changes enzyme activity
Activator stabilizes active form
Inhibitor stabilizes inactive form
Mutual binding - substrate binding at one site increases activity at others
Enzyme center
Compartmentalization: enzymes placed in specific organelles for efficiency
Multienzyme Complexes: sequential reactions occur together
Genetic Control: turning enzyme-producing genes on/off as needed