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Audrina Hernandez Period 3 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Audrina Hernandez
Period 3
Skeletal System
Bone Fracture Repair
Involves reduction
Closed reduction (physician manipulates to correct position)
Open reduction (surgical pins or wires secure ends)
Involves 4 major stages
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation - capillaries grow into hematoma; collagen fibers break and connect broken ends; cells begin reconstruction
Bony Callus Formation - callus is turned into bony (hard) callus; continues for 2 months until firm union forms;
Hematoma Formation - torn blood cells hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma
Bone remodeling - begins during callus formation; compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls; final structure looks like its original structure
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Adduction - movement along frontal plane (toward midline)
Rotation - turning of bone (toward or away from midline)
Abduction - movement along frontal plane (away from midline)
Supination - palms face anteriorly
Angular movements - increase or decrease angle between two bones; includes flexion (decrease angle), extension (increase angle), and hyperextention (movement beyond anatomical position)
Pronation - palms face posteriorly
Gliding - glides or slips over another similar surface
Dosiflexion - bending foot toward shin
Multiaxial - movement in or around all three planes
Plantar flexion - pointing toes
Inversion - sole of foot faces medially
Biaxial - movement in two planes
Eversion - sole of foot faces laterally
Uniaxial - movement in one plane
Protraction - mandible juts out
Nonaxial - slippery movements only
Retraction - mandible is pulled toward neck
Names of the Bones
Maxilla (upper jaw)
Mandible (jaw)
Nasal (nose)
Atlas - first cervical vertebrae of spine
Axis - second clavicle vertebrae of spine
Clavicle - collarbone
Zygomatic (cheekbone)
Temporal (temple)
cervical (upper) vertebrae
thoracic (middle) vertebrae
Lumbar (lower) vertebrae
Parietal
Ribs (7 true ribs; 5 false ribs; 2 floating ribs)
Frontal (forehead)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Sternum (breastbone) - has three parts, manubrium, body, & xiphoid
Humerus (upper arm bone)
Radius (forearm on side of thumb finger)
Ulna (forearm on side of pinky finger)
Carpal (wrist)
Metacarpal (palm bones)
Phalanges (fingers)
Sacrum (5 vertebrae fused)
Coxal (hip/pelvis bone)
Coccyx(tailbone)
Femur (thigh bone)
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia (shinbone)
Fibula (calf)
Talus (ankle) - connects tibia and fibula to foot bone
Tarsal
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Metatarsal (forefoot)
Phalanges (toes)
Differences between male & female skeleton
Pelvis bone is different
The pubic outlet and inlet of the female is larger then the males
Males pubic angle is smaller then the females
Overall coxal bone of the males is smaller then the females
Diseases/Disorders
Osteosarcoma
Malignant bone tumor
Symptoms: bone fracture, tenderness, swelling
Treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, limb amputation
Causes: heredity, age average 15, radiotherapy for unrelated conditions
Osteomyelitis
An infection in the bone
Symptoms: fever, redness, swelling
Treatment: antibiotics, amputation, surgical drainage
Causes: circulatory disorder, direct contamination, recent orthopedic surgery
Osteogenesis Imperfects
A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
Symptoms: muscle weakness, hearing loss, limb deforming
Treatment: incurable;improved nutrients;bone marrow transplant
Causes: deafness, easily bruised, frequent fractures
Paget's Disease
metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of a bone
Symptoms: hip pain in pelvis, hearing loss, numbness in spine
Treatment: surgery, medications, joint replacement
Causes: Hereditary, age over 40, more common in men
Osteoarthritis
Symptoms: pain, tenderness, stiffness
Treatment: medication, surgery, physical therapy
Causes: old age, obesity, more common in females
Protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down
Osteoporosis
A group of diseases when bone resorption exceeds deposit
Treatment - calcium, vitamin D supplements, exercise
Causes: most often aged, postmenopausal woman, common in women, poor diet, smoking, hormones
Osteomalacia and Rickets
bones are poorly mineralized, makes bones soft and weak, painful
Rickets is osteomalacia in kids; makes bowed legs & other deforrmities; caused by vitamin D deficiency or not enough dietary calcium
Joints
Synovial Joints - bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity (6 general features)
Articular capsule - 2 layers thick; external fibrous layer & inner synovial membrane
Synovial fluid - viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma & hyaluronic acid, lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
Joint cavity - small, fluid-filled potential space
Nerves and blood vessels - nerves detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch
Articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage covers ends of bones
Others - fatty bones (for cushioning between layers) & articular discs (reduce wear and tear)
Cartilaginous Joints - bones united by cartilage; not highly movable; have no joint cavity
Synchondroses - plate of hyaline cartilage units bones (ex. cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum
Symphyses - fibrocartilage units bone in symphysis joint (ex. intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis)
Fibrous Joints - bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity; most are immovable
Sutures - rigid, interlocking, joints of skull
Syndesmoses - bones connected by ligaments (ex. interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna
Gomphoses - peg-in-socket joints (ex. teeth in alveolar socket); holds tooth in socket
Synovial Joints
Hinge Joint - Elbow & interphalageal joints
Condylar Joints - knuckle & wrist joints
Plain Joint - intercarpal & intertarsal joints
Pivot joints - proximal radioulnar & atlantoaxial joints
Saddle joints - joints of thumbs
ball-and-socket joint - shoulder & hip joints
Bone Remodeling
Consists of bone deposit and bone resorption (function of osteoblasts)
breaks down matrix
converts calcium salts to soluble forms
new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
occurs at surface of periosteum & endosteum
packets of osteoblasts/osteoclasts help on the remodeling process
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Compact bone - dense outer layer on every bone that looks smooth/solid
Spongy bone - made up of a honey-comb of small, noodle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Diaphysis
tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone; consists of compact bone around central medullary; contains yellow bone marrow
Epiphyses
ends of long bones that consists of compact bone; articular cartilage covers joint surfaces; between diaphysis and epiphyses is epiphyseal plate
Types of bones
Short bones - cube-shaped bones (wrist & ankle); vary in size; sesmoid bones form within tendons
Flat bones - thin, flat, slightly curved (sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones)
Long bones - longer than they are wide (limb bones)
Irregular bones - complicated shapes (vertebrae & hip bone)