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Animal Physiology Part 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Single Circulation
        
        Circulatory system consisting of a single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart
        
        Sharks, Rays, Bony Fishes
      - Double Circulation
        
        Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals
        
        Circulatory system consisting of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit
    - - Blood Vessels
        
        Veins
        
        Vessels that carry blood back to the heart
        
        Capillaries
        
        Single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid
        
        Capillary Bed
        
        Network of capillaries in a tissue or organ
        
        Venules
        
        Vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein
        
        Arteries
        
        Carry blood from heart to organs throughout the body
        
        Arterioles
        
        Conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed
        
        Carry blood away from the heart
        
        Endothelium
        
        simple squamous layer of cells lining the lumen of blood vessels
        
        Blood
        
        Plasma
        
        Liquid matrix of blood in which the blood cells are suspended
        
        Platelets
        
        Cell fragments that are involved in the clotting process
        
        Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
        
        A blood cell that contains hemoglobin, which transports oxygen
        
        Hemoglobin
        
        An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen
        
        Leukocytes
        
        A blood cell that functions in fighting infections
      - Heart
        
        Contain two or more muscular chambers
        
        Atria
        
        Chambers that receive blood entering the heart
        
        Cardiac Cycle
        
        When it relaxes = it fills with blood
        
        Chamber contracts = pumps blood
        
        One complete sequence of pumping and filling
        
        Systole
        
        Stage when heart chamber contracts and pumps blood
        
        Diastole
        
        Stage when heart chamber is relaxed and fills with blood
        
        Ventricle
        
        Left Ventricle
        
        Pumps blood throughout the body
        
        Right Ventricle
        
        Cardiac Output
        
        Volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart
        
        Rate of Contraction
        
        Heart Rate
        
        Number of beats per minute
        
        Stroke Volume
        
        Volume of blood pumped by a heart ventricle in a single contraction
        
        Atrioventricular Valve (AV)
        
        Heart valve located between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricle contracts
        
        Semilunar Valve
        
        Valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle
        
        Sinoatrial Node (SA)
        
        Region in the right atrium of the heart that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract; the pacemaker
        
        Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
        
        Record of the electrical impulses that travel through heart muscle during the cardiac cycle
        
        Atrioventricular node (AV)
        
        A region of specialized heart muscle tissue between the left and right atria where electrical impulses are delayed for about 0.1 second before spreading to both ventricles and causing them to contract
      - Blood Pressure
        
        Systolic Pressure
        
        Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles
        
        Diastolic Pressure
        
        Blood pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed
  - - - The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
    - - Localized respiratory organs
      - Vital Capacity
        
        The maximum volume of air that a mammal can inhale and exhale with each breath
      - Residual Volume
        
        The amount of air that remains in the lungs after forceful exhalation
      - Tidal Volume
        
        The volume of air a mammal inhales and exhales with each breath
    - - System of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to cells
    - - Outfoldings of the body surface that are suspended in the water
    - - The flow of air or water over a respiratory surface
    - - Pharynx
        
        An intersection where the paths for air and food cross
      - Larynx
        
        The portion of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords; also called the voice box
      - Trachea
        
        The portion of the respiratory tract that passes from the larynx to the bronchi; also called the windpipe
        
        Bronchi
        
        Pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs
        
        Bronchioles
        
        A fine branch of the bronchi that transports air to alveoli
      - Diaphragm
        
        A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals
        
        Contraction of the diaphragm pulls air into the lungs
- - - - An organism’s system of defenses against agents that cause disease
    - - An enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls; in mammals, it is found in sweat, tears, and saliva
    - - A membrane receptor on a phagocytic white blood cell that recognizes fragments of molecules common to a set of pathogens
    - - Neutrophils
        
        Neutrophils are phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days
      - Macrophages
        
        A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microorganisms and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell
      - Eosinophils
        
        A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microorganisms and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell
      - Dendritic Cells
        
        An antigen-presenting cell, located mainly in lymphatic tissues and skin, that is particularly efficient in presenting antigens to helper T cells, thereby initiating a primary immune response
      - Natural Killer Cells
        
        A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells as part of innate immunity
      - Mast Cells
        
        Immune system cell that secretes histamine; plays role in inflammatory response and allergies
    - - An innate immune defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue involving the release of substances that promote swelling, enhance the infiltration of white blood cells, and aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens
  - - - A type of white blood cell that mediates immune responses
      - B Cells
        
        The lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune response
      - T Cells
        
        The class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; they include both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both branches of adaptive immunity
        
        B or T Cell Response
        
        Antigen
        
        A substance that elicits an immune response by binding to receptors of B or T cells
        
        Epitope
        
        A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds
        
        Helper T Cell
        
        A type of T cell that, when activated, secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens
        
        Cytotoxic T Cell
        
        A type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells
      - Thymus
        
        A small organ in the thoracic cavity of vertebrates where maturation of T cells is completed
  - - - Exaggerated responses to certain antigens
    - - An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self
    - - A disorder in which an immune system response to antigens is defective or absent
  - - - The branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids
    - - The branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells
    - - The process of generating a state of immunity by artificial means. In vaccination, an inactive or weakened form of a pathogen is administered, inducing B and T cell responses and immunological memory. In passive immunization, antibodies specific for a particular pathogen are administered, conferring immediate but temporary protection
    - - Any of a preparation of antibodies that have been produced by a single clone of cultured cells and thus are all specific for the same epitope