Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 8 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 8
Osmosis and Transport Mechanisms
the vital process through which water molecules traverse a selectively permeable membrane
moving from areas of low solute concentration to regions of high solute concentration.
movement is essential for maintaining the proper balance of fluids within cells
active transport mechanisms, such as the sodium-potassium pump
play a crucial role in sustaining cellular homeostasis
require energy to move ions and other molecules against their concentration gradients
ensuring that cells function optimally even in varying environmental conditions
Enzyme Function and Regulation
Enzymes significantly lower the activation energy required for chemical reactions to occur
forming transient enzyme-substrate complexes at their active sites
they facilitate the transformation of substrates into products
enzymes modulate through various mechanisms
competitive inhibition
a molecule competes with the substrate for the active site
non-competitive inhibition
binding occurs at a different site that alters the enzyme's function
Certain enzymes also require cofactors
non-protein molecules that assist in the catalytic process
Restriction Enzymes
Specialized proteins
sourced from bacteria
function by cleaving DNA at precise nucleotide sequences
foreign genes, which can lead to the expression of new traits or the production of desirable substances
targeting specific locations within the DNA strand is
Plasmids, which are circular pieces of DNA often used in molecular cloning
Thermodynamics
govern energy interactions within biological systems
first law highlights that energy can be transformed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed
second law emphasizes that any energy transformation within organisms results in some energy being lost as heat
Gibbs Free Energy
provides a framework for understanding metabolic processes
distinguishing between exergonic reactions, which release energy, and endergonic reactions, which absorb energy
crucial for deciphering how organisms harness energy for growth and maintenance