Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Animal Physiology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Systolic vs. diastolic pressure
      - Gradient drives flow from arteries to capillaries to veins
    - - Surface area in capillaries
      - Valves in veins
      - Elasticity in arteries
    - - Veins – valves, low pressure
      - Capillaries – thin walls, site of exchange
      - Arteries – thick walls, high pressure
  - - - Hemoglobin carries oxygen
      - Removes CO₂
    - - Phagocytosis, antibody production
      - Immune defense
    - - Transports nutrients and wastes
      - Water, ions, proteins
    - - Repair damaged vessels
      - Blood clotting
  - - - Diastole (relaxation)
      - Coordinated by sinoatrial (SA) node
      - Systole (contraction)
      - Electrical signals propagate via AV node and Purkinje fibers
    - - Systemic circuit: heart to body to heart
      - Ensures oxygenated blood reaches tissues
      - Pulmonary circuit: heart to lungs to heart
    - - Valves prevent backflow
      - Septum separates left and right sides
      - Chambers (atria and ventricles)
  - - - Circulatory system brings fluids close to all cells
      - Maintains homeostasis
      - Diffusion alone insufficient for large animals
    - - Thin walls for diffusion
      - Extensive branching increases surface area
      - Capillaries
    - - Velocity differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries
      - Ensures efficient material delivery
      - Fluid movement driven by pressure gradients
- - - - Transfer of antibodies
    - - Slower vs. faster and stronger response
    - - Vaccination
      - Natural exposure
  - - - Congenital (SCID) or acquired (HIV)
      - Increased susceptibility to infections
    - - Overreaction to harmless antigens
      - Histamine release
        
        inflammation
    - - Immune system attacks own tissues
      - Examples: Type I diabetes, lupus
  - - - Skin, mucous membranes
      - Prevent pathogen entry
    - - Enzymes, acidic pH, antimicrobial peptides
    - - Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils)
      - Natural killer cells
      - Inflammation and cytokine signaling
  - - - Plasma cells secrete antibodies
      - Memory B cells for secondary response
      - Produce antibodies
    - - Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells
      - Memory T cells for long-term immunity
      - Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells
- - - - Brainstem adjusts rate and depth
      - Sensors detect CO₂ and O₂ levels
    - - Birds – air sacs for continuous flow
      - Insects – tracheal system
    - - Diaphragm and rib muscles
      - Negative pressure in mammals
  - - - Facilitates loading in lungs, unloading in tissues
      - Affinity increases as O₂ binds
    - - Myoglobin in muscles
      - Hemocyanin in arthropods and mollusks
    - - 4 subunits, binds 4 O₂ molecules
  - - - Lungs
      - Alveoli increase surface area
    - - Limits size and shape
      - Diffusion through skin or tracheae
    - - Countercurrent flow maximizes oxygen uptake
      - Gills