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Anatomy and Integumentary System, Medinna Rasha - 2506557816 - Coggle…
Anatomy and Integumentary System
Anatomical Position
Definition: Specific body orientation used when describing anatomy
Position
Body: Standing upright.
Head and eyes: Facing directly forward.
Arms: At the sides, with palms facing forward. The thumbs point away from the body.
Legs: Together or slightly apart, parallel, and flat on the floor.
Feet: Toes pointing forward.
Function: Helps in providing clear and consistent way of describing anatomy and physiology, creates clear points of reference, and describes how close or far away something is
Directional vs Regional
Directional
Anterior: Toward the front of body
Posterior: Toward the back of body
Superior: Above than another structure
Inferior: Below than another structure
Medial: Toward the midline of body
Lateral: Away from the midline of body
Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment of a limb or to trunk
Distal: Further to the point of attachment of a limb or to trunk
Superficial: Toward or near the body surface
Deep: Away from the body surface
Regional: specific areas or regions of the body to describe locations more precisely
Cranial (Cephalic): Head region
Facial: Face region
Cervical: Neck region
Thoracic: Chest region
Abdominal: Abdomen region
Pelvic: Pelvis region
Three Planes Used in Anatomy
Sagittal Plane: This plane divides the body or an organ vertically (right and left)
Frontal/Coronal Plane: Divided the body into the anterior and posterior part
Transverse Plane: Divides the body horizontally into upper and lower parts
Major Cavities of the Body and its Organs
Ventral Cavity: Located in front (anterior) part of the body. Organs includes lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, reproductive organs
Dorsal Cavity: Located at the posterior part of the body. The organs are brain and spinal cord
Posterior and Anterior Body Cavities (Subdivisions and Representative Organs)
Posterior
Located along the back (posterior) side of the body.
Function: Protects the central nervous system.
Subdivisions
Cranial cavity: Contains the brain, enclosed by the skull.
Vertebral (spinal) cavity: Contains the spinal cord, surrounded by the vertebral column
Anterior
Located on the front (anterior) side of the body
Function: Houses most visceral organs involved in respiration, circulation, digestion, and reproduction
Subdivisions
Thoracic cavity: Contains the lungs (in pleural cavities), heart (in pericardial cavity), and other structures in the mediastinum such as the trachea and esophagus
Abdominopelvic cavity: Separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm
Abdominal cavity: Holds digestive organs like the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen.
Pelvic cavity: Contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Serous and Mucosal Membrane
Serous Membrane
A thin, double-layered membrane that lines closed body cavities (not open to the exterior) and covers internal organs within those cavities
Location: Closed internal cavities
Structure: Parietal layer and visceral layer
Epitheleal type: Simple squamous epithelum
Secretion: Serous fluid
Function: Reduce friction between organs, allowing smooth movements, protects internal structure
Mucosal Membrane
Lining membrane that covers body surfaces open to the exterior, such as the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Location: Body cavities that open to the outside
Structure: Epithelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle
Epitheleal type: Can be stratified squamous or simple columnar
Secretion: Mucus
Function: Provides lubrication, protection from pathogens and mechanical stress, and allows absorption/secretion
Components of Integumentary System
Skin: Serves as the main barrier against environmental hazard
Hair: Hair is made of keratinized cells growing from follicles located in the dermis. It provides insulation, regulate body temperature, protection from UV
Nails: Hard plates of keratin that grow from the nail matrix. Helps in protecting the tips of the finger
Sweat glands: They're tubular structures in the dermis, regulating body temperature, excrete waste products, scent signaling.
Sebaceous glands: They're connected to hair follicles and secrete oily substance. Their main function is to prevent drying and cracking
Sensory receptors: Nerve endings located in the dermis and epidermis used to detect stimuli
Skin & its Appendages are Organs of the Integument System?
The skin and other components are considered an organ because it is made of different tissues that work together to perform specific functions or to protect the body, regulate temperature, and maintain homeostasis
Medinna Rasha - 2506557816
Serous Membrane and its Function
It's a thin, smooth, double-layered tissue that lines closed internal body cavities and covers the organs inside. It has 2 layers: parietal and visceral
Function
Reduces friction between organs during movement.
Allows smooth motion of organs such as the lungs, heart, and intestines.
Protects soft tissues from damage caused by rubbing or pressure.
Keeps cavities moist and lubricated through continuous fluid secretion.