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Ch 8: intro to metabolism - Coggle Diagram
Ch 8: intro to metabolism
LAWS of THERMODYNAMICS
Law 1: Energy can be transferred or transformed but NEVER destroyed.
Law 2: when energy to tranferred or transformed on living organism some energy if lost as heat.
When the 2nd law of thermodynamics occurs: it increases ENTROPY; molecular disorder of randomness
SPONTANEOUS (can go rlly fast or slowly)
Does not require additional energy, typically more stable
identified in gibbs free energy as the positive
A process is spontaneous and can perform work ONLY when it is moving toward equilibrium.
Exergonic reaction: (energy outward) releases free energy to the surroundings- MORE reactants than products
NONSPONTANEOUS
Does require additional energy to occur (less stable)
Identified in gibbs free energy as the negative/ zero
Endergonic reaction: (energy inward) abosrbs energy from the surroundings- MORE products than reactants
!Terms must know!
Metabolism= Anabolic (building) + Catabolic (breaking)
Catabolic pathways: downhill, releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones (EX: cellular respirtation)
Anabolic: consumes the energy needed to build complex molecules from simpler ones
GIBBS FREE ENERGY
Free energy: a portion of energy that can do work when temp and pressure are uniform
Thermal energy: Transfer from one object to another is called heat.
Cells manage energy resourceto do work through energy coupling, the use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic one, Cells works: mechanical, transport, chemical
Phosphorylation: transfer form a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule- (endergonic)
RECIPIENT: Phosphorylated intermediate: is more reactive (less stable w/ more free energy) than the orignial molecule: ADP+P¡
Catalyst: speeds up chem. reaction
Enzyme: acts as a catalyst that speeds up reactions, but w/o much require energy from the start
Activation energy: the initial energy needed to break the bonds of the reactants.
Open V.S. Isolated systems
Open: living organisms, we interact and exchange with out surroundings
Isolated: keeps molecules inclosed, EX: closed thermos w/ H2O
EVEN MORE TERMS!
Substrate: reactant that an enzyme acts one
Enzyme: substrates complex- enzyme binding to substrate
Active site: bind the enzyme and substrate (fit perfectly, however....
Competitive inhibitors: something that is in the way of binding a sub to the enzymes (typically by the active site)
Noncompetitive inhibitors: chemical reactants, causes the enzyme to change shape, and can no longer bond (the other end of the active sit)
Cofactors: non protein helpers that bind to the enzyme permanently, or reversibly w/ the substrate
Coenzymes: organic cofactors: vitamins
Allosteric regulation: occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site.
Cooperatively: substrate binding at one active site triggers a shape change in the enzyme that stabilized the active form for all other sites
Feedback inhibition: In feedback inhibition, the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway, preventing a cell from wasting resources by synthesizing more than is needed
