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Phys part 2 - Coggle Diagram
Phys part 2
Ch 42
Respiratory
Role of Surfactant - a mixture of phospholipids and proteins that reduces surface tension (produced by alveoli)
Human Respiratory System; nasal cavity-> pharynx-> larynx-> trachea-> lungs -> bronchi->bronchioles-> alveoli-> diaphragm
Role of mucus- traps dust, pollen, and contaminants
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gas exchange, the uptake of molecular O2 from the environment and the discharge of CO2 to the environment
Partial pressure, the pressure by a particular gas in a mixture of gasses
positive pressure breathing, breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs ex birds
Breathing, ventilation of the lungs through alternating inhalation and exhalation
the neurons responsible for regulating breathing are in the medulla oblongata, the medulla uses the ph of the fluid as an indicator of blood CO2 concentration
Animals transport most of their O2 bound to proteins called respiratory pigments , the pigments greatly increase the amount of O2 that can be carried in the circulatory fluid
negative pressure breathing, breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs ex. mammals
Bohr shift - a lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in P. It facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues
myoglobin, oxygen storing protein found in muscles
Cardiovascular
Open circulatory system, the circulatory fluid hemolymph is also the interstitial fluid. Gas exchange happens in sinuses (spaces surrounding the organs)
Closed circulatory system, the circulatory fluid is blood found in vessels. One or more hearts pump blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones, which filtrate the tissues and organs. Chemical exchange occurs between the blood and interstial fluid and cells.
Three main types of blood vessels; arteries, veins and capillaries (blood flows in only one direction)
Capillaries - microscopic vessels, with thin, porous walls (sites of exchange)
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Heart chambers
Atria, receive blood entering the heart
Ventricles, responsible for pumping blood out of the heart
Single circulation, consist of a single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart Ex. sharks, rays, bony fishes
Double Circulation, consists of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit Ex. amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
Mammalian heart, two atria serve as collecting chambers for blood returning from lungs, two ventricles, thick walled especially the left ventricle which pumps blood throughout the body via systemic circuit , the right pumps blood the the shorter pulmonary circuit
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4 valves in the heart that prevent back flow and keep blood moving the right way; atrioventricular valve (AV) lies between each atrium and ventricle, semilunar valves are located at the two exits of the heart: where the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle and where the aorta leaves the left ventricle
Ch 43
Immune
innate immunity, a form of defense common to all animals that is active immediately upon exposure to a pathogen and that is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously.
lysozyme: an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls, found in mammals sweat, tears and saliva
phagocytosis, the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle
Toll like receptor, a membrane receptor on a phagocytic white blood cell that recognizes fragments of molecules common to a set of pathogens
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Dendritic cells,
Eosinophils, found beneath epithelium, are importatn in defending against multicellular invaders such as parasitic worms
Natural killer cells, circulate through the body and detect the abnormal surface proteins found on some virus infected and cancerous cells
histamine , a substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable in inflammatory and allergic responses
Interferons, are proteins that provide innate defense by interfering with vital infections
Complement proteins, about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or lyse pathogens
Adaptive immunity, a vertebrate specific defense that is mediated by B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes and that exhibits specificity, memory, and self-nonself regulation; also called acquired immunity
Adaptive immunity relies on T cells and B cells, which are types of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes originate from stem cells in the bone marrow
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Antigen, a substance that elicits an immune response by binding to receptors of B or T cells
MHC, a host protein that functions in antigen presentation. Foreign MHC molecules on transplanted tissue can trigger T cell responses that may lead to rejection of the transplant.
Memory cells, one of a clone of long lived lyphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains ina lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation. Activated memory cells mount the secondary immune response
Humoral immune response, the branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids
Cell mediated immune response, the branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells,
Active immunity, long lasting immunity conferred by the action of B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen. Active immunity can develop as a result of natural infection or immunization
Passive immunity, short term immunity conferred by the transfer of antibodies, as occurs in the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetus or nursing infant
pathogen, a bacterium, fungus,virus or other disease