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W9b Aboriginal English Lecture Notes for A3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Monogensis
      - Independent parallel developent
      - Linguistic/cognitive universals
  - - - Bioprogram theory (criticised)
      - Gradualism
- - - - enforcing rules / standards
        
        leads to linguistic discrimiantion
        
        by devaluing / penalising language varieties, considered NON-STANDARD
        
        establishes hierarchies of prestige / standard
        
        disadvantages certain speakers
        
        reinforces social biases
        
        ignores social utility of other varities
      - discourages use of slang
      - enforces grammar rules
      - judges different pronunciation/accents as 'wrong' NOT as different
      - institutional standardisation of language in schools/workplaces
  - - - frames monolingual as default --> anyone with multiple languages are exceptions OR have a deficit
    - - influences education curricula / hiring practices (favours dominant language) --> ignores value of other languages
    - - devalues linguistic diversity (monoloingusitc ideologies contributes to oppression of minority lanugage speakers --> affects intergeenrational language transmission --> makes feeel less legitimate or worthy as citizens (loss of sense of belonging)
    - - national language is seen as essential for national unity -> other lanugages are suppressed
  - - - specific language = identity of nation / state --> only one language truly belongs
    - - assimilation to dominant territory language --> anyone who can't does not belong
    - - causes speaking practices / dialects to be categorised under a dominant 'umbrella' language --> obscures needs of minority languages (e.g. alsatian = german)
    - - acts as barrier to imigrant minorities --> limits state support / protectiong for languages
    - - dominant lanugage promoted for public affairs (others are not)
  - - - language as marker of ethnicity
        
        linking one language as representative of true national identity
      - linguistic hierarchy
        
        positioning ethnoationalist group language as standard / civilised while others are sinister or threat to state
      - linguistic racism
        
        discrimination against those who don't speak dominant language OR have non-standard accent OR stereotyped as less capable / intelligent
      - psychological / social harm
        
        linguistic prejudice incites damage = inferiority / anxiety / social withdrawal / social economic penalties aka low job interview success rates
      - exclusion from citizenship
        
        using ethnonationalism as basis for citizenship exclusion (not speak
    - - historical / political roots
        
        rooted in historical events (colonisation / formation of nation-state) using dominant language to subjugate/control other gorups
      - language superiorirty
        
        extreme pride in own language (believing it is better than others, viewing multilingualism as threat)
      - marginalisation of other languages
        
        marginalisation of minority languages / dialects / accents perceived as less intelligent / sophisticated
      - policy / practice
        
        nationalist ideologies lead to policies using national language in public life (business / education / media)
  - - - belief that language use = tied to essence (race/nationality/class) where certain ways of speaking are NATURAL / CORRECT for the group
        
        disregards fluidity of langauge change
        
        that language change is constantly changing / fluid / adaptable that can be learnt and used by anyone
        
        fixed categories
        
        links identity to language -- assuming there is only one correct way to speak for a specific group
        
        stereotyping
        
        assuming all members of same race speak same way (dialects/accents) OR are inherently less intelligent
        
        harmful policing
        
        policing non-standard dialects in schools
    - - that race is connected to language that language of racialised groups are inherently inferior (white english = good english = norm)
        
        dehumanising / sitgmatising
        
        frames racialised people as subhuman/deficient/marker of impurity with cognitive deficiency because standard grammar rules aren't followed
        
        naturalises hierarchy
        
        naturalises hierarchical associations between specific language to race (rooted in colonialism) E.g. dehumanising discourse about language of indigenous communities to justify oppression
        
        perpetuates discrimination
        
        raciolingusitic ideology embedded in institutions/policies (curriculum/standardised tests/hiring practices) --favours lingusitic practices of white poeple
  - - - linguistic intergroup bias
        
        describing in-group members' +ve actions more abstractly AND describing out-group members more concretely (vice versa for negative actions)
      - +ve traits
        
        associating +ve traits with in-group members using +ve language to describe actions / characteristics
      - -ve traits
        
        associating -ve traits more with out-group members / using more -ve language to describe their actions
      - exclusionary language
        
        using specific in-language for exclusion / using diff language to communicate with out-group members
    - - refusing to speak another language
        
        dominant group members refuse to speak to outgroup in native language (even when fluent) --> sends message their language is not worthy of recognition)
      - devaluing non-standard language
        
        within more assimilated individual/group for dominant culture, non-standard OR less assimilated forms of own group's language may be devalued
      - double standards in language use
        
        dominant group member might view own language as postiive and others with SAME linguistic patters as negative / inferior
    - - linguistic intergroup bias
        
        reinforces stereotypes of own group and others'
      - abstraction / concreteness
        
        ingroup +ve actions = abstractly described
        
        outgroup -ve actions = abstractly deacribed
        
        outgroup +ve = concretely described
        
        ingroup -ve = concretely
      - purpose
        
        making ingroup positive traits seem like inherent qualities while negative traits are perceived as isolated incidents
  - - - US v THEM
        
        creates in-groups and out-groups
      - lingusitic stigma
        
        stigma against accent / dialect / language use
      - social judgement
        
        judgement on people's linguistic styles
      - reinforcing norms
        
        reinforces idea that there is a CORRECT or PRESTIGIOUS norm and everything else is IMPROPER or OTHER
    - - institutional practices
        
        policies / job descriptions / educational materials that use jargon / cultural references to exclude groups
        
        institutions only providing information in dominant language (disenfranchises non-speakers)
      - monolingual mindsets
        
        a society that only values one language
        
        proficiency in other languages is often overlooked
      - implicit bias / microaggressions
        
        microaggression masked as praise of english speaking proficiency
        
        making linguistic identity 'invisible'
      - language erasure
        
        through deliberate political / colonial projects
        
        that systematically devalue / suppress a language reproduced by dominant state structures / resistance movements that may not account for language's wider use
      - lack of public visibility
        
        failure to provide state services/protection/resources in other languages (not dominant language)
        
        less recognition of language's public presence
    - - stigmatisation
        
        associating language / dialects / accents with lower social status
        
        leads to prejudice against speakers
      - language policies
        
        governments promote a standard language for commerce / official purposes to marginalise speakers of other languages
      - exclusion from spaces
        
        excluding speakers with unprofessional / incorrect linguistic styles from educational/professional environments
      - microaggressions
        
        assuming someone with different linguistic features to dominant style, doesn't belong or isn't a citizen
      - unconscious bias
        
        discrimination stemming from unconscious beliefs associated to linguistic features (rather than malice)
- - - - elision of the word-initial voiceless glottal fricative
        
        [h] → [∅]
      - fortition of interdental fricatives
        
        [ð] → [d] [θ] → [tʰ]
      - coda velar nasal [ŋ] turns into
        
        alveolar nasal /n/
        
        fortition /ŋk/
  - - - terms from Aboriginal Pidgin / Aboriginal languages
        
        "blackfella"
        
        dardy = good looking
        
        yorga = women
      - semantic changes
        
        deadly = really good
        
        hungry = great
        
        cruel = very
        
        gammin / gammon = fake
        
        ma = mother / aunt
        
        grannies = grandchildren
      - change in lexical paradigms
        
        pronoun to demonstrative
        
        dem = those
        
        e/im as generic 3 person pronoun
        
        e for subejct
        
        em for object
  - - - change in grammatical forms
        
        "we been up there"
        
        "your mum come back to you not long ago, you was telling me"
      - substrate grammar from Aboriginal languages
        
        transitivising suffix -im/um
      - multiple negation
        
        "i haven't got no"
  - - - unique discourse particles
        
        unna as a question tag
        
        "That's your deadly car, unna?" = That's your deadly car, isn't it?
        
        and dat der ‘and stuff’ = 'etc' in standardAusEn
        
        "He was talking about the football, and dat der, and stuff"
      - double subject-topics
        
        high prevalence of reported speech
        
        reckon as quotative
        
        zero (ø) quotative