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Glomerular Diseases and Jaundice : - Coggle Diagram
Glomerular Diseases and Jaundice :
• Glomerular Diseases:
• Major cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) after diabetes and hypertension.
• Can be primary (limited to kidneys) or secondary (due to systemic disease).
• Damage to the glomerular filter leads to proteinuria and hematuria diagnosed mainly by kidney biopsy.
• NephroticSyndrome:
•1 Cause: Loss of protein ( mainly albumin) in urine .
• 2 Features:
• Proteinuria > 3.5 g/day .
• Hypoalbuminemia (<3 g/dL).
• Edema (periorbital, legs, or generalized).
•3 Mechanism:
• Underfill hypothesis: Low albumin :arrow_right:low oncotic pressure :arrow_right:fluid shift.
• Overfill hypothesis: Sodium retention in kidneys.
•4 Complications: Hypercoagulability :arrow_right:risk of thrombosis.
•5 Treatment:
•RAS blockers, statins, diuretics, sodium restriction.
• Combined diuretics if edema persists.
• Nephritic Syndrome:
• Features : Hematuria, mild-moderate proteinuria, hypertension, edema, :arrow_up:Creatinine.
• Variants:
• Mild/asymptomatic: microscopic hematuria.
• IgA nephropathy: Recurrent hematuria post-infection.
• Acute glomerulonephritis: Classical presentation.
• Rapidly progressive GN : Quick renal decline :arrow_right:ESKD if untreated.
• Jaundice
•Defintion:
Yellow discoloration of skin and sclera due to :arrow_up:bilirubin (>1 mg/dl).
• Types of Jaundice :
1• Unconjugated (prehepatic):
• Mild, lemon yellow color.
• Dark urine on standing, dark stools.
• Normal LFTs.
2• Obstructive (posthepatic):
• Gennish-yellow color.
• Dark urine, pale stools, itching.
• :arrow_up:Allkaline phosphatase.
3• Hepatocellular:
• Mixed direct & indirect bilirubin.
• :arrow_up:AST and ALT .