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11AEBLY Cells Topic Test - Coggle Diagram
11AEBLY Cells Topic Test
Cell Organelles
Prokayrotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
no membrane-bound organelles
mesosomes instead of mitochondria
typically much smaller
reproduce via binary fission
bacteria
often have flagella
several form a flagellum
motile extensions from the membrane
sperm cells have a flagellum
only human cells to do so
has nucle
OID
DNA also in plasmids (rings)
Eukaryotic
Plant
Cell wall
Large central vacuole
chloroplasts
nucleus typically to side
Animal
no cell wall
mitochondria
nucleus typically central
Fungus
Cell wall
made of Chitin
reproduce via mitosis
has nucleus
Membrane-bound
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
nucleoplasm
like cytoplasm on steriods
has nucleotides and minerals and shit
nuclear membrane
nuclear pores
nucleolus
Golgi Body
comprised of layers of cisternae
transforms proteins into functional ones
ER
Smooth
unique set of enzymes
lipid synthesis
repairing membrane phosopholipids
Rough
ribosomes attached
site for protein synthesis
largely non-functional proteins
continuous from nuclear membrane
transport & manufacturing system
Vesicles
Lysosomes
function
autophagy
decomposes damaged cell organelles
"self-eating"
contains acid hydrolase enzymes
function only in acidic environments (pH 4-5)
safeguarding mechanism to prevent damage if lysosome bursts
digests foreign substances and macromoclecules
Peroxisomes
function
decompose hydrogen peroxide
has enzyme catalase
Centrioles
form the centrosome
mother centriole + daughter centriole
located near nucleus
role in constructing mitotic spindle during mitosis
Specific to Plant Cells
Chloroplast
plastids
chromoplasts
contains pigment
leucoplasts
contains starch stores
structure
Central Vacuole
maintains cell turgidity
often filled with sap (water + minerals)
Cell Wall
made of cellulose
holds shape
extra protection
Universal
Ribosomes
location
literally fucking everywhere
on rough ER
structure
granular
composed of 2 subunits
has three tRNA sites
aminoacyl site
peptidyl site
exit site
purpose:
protein synthesis
assembles amino acids in peptide chains to form proteins
reads mRNA input
codons of mRNA are 'fed through' the subunits and matched with tRNA anticodons
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
cell jelly
does NOT include organelles
Cytoskeleton
composition
microtubules
made of protein tubulin
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
all of the cell's contents between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane
including organelles
Cell Membrane
Processes
Diffusion
Simple
Facilitated
Active vs. Passive Transport
Active
requires energy input to occur
ATP
going against the concentration gradient
types
Passive
types
Osmosis
Cellular Environments
diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
Structure
phospholid bilayer
hydrophobic tail
2 fatty acid chains
hydrophilic head
structural proteins
Fluid Mosaic Model
Biomolecules
Nucleic Acids
types
DNA
RNA
mRNA
built from nucleotides
Carbohydrates
made of monosaccharides
types
glucose
fructose
starch
polysaccharide
test: iodide
Lipids
oils and fats
hydrophobic
composed of fatty acids
Proteins
made of amino acids
10-20% of human body
Amino Acids
made of:
carboxyl group
amino group
central carbon & hydrogen
side chain "R" group
determines amino acid species
20 species (variants) used in human body
9 "essentials"
can't be synthesised by human body
composed of:
Oxygen
Carbon
SPONCH
Sulfur
Phosphorous
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Microscopy
types of microscopes
light microscope
electron microscope
Cellular Processes
Respiration
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Factors Affecting
Photosynthesis
Light Dependent
Light Independent
Factors Affecting
ADP/ATP Cycle
ATP Uses