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Skeletal Period 3 Julia Martinez - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal Period 3 Julia Martinez
Bone fracture repair
Youth - results from trauma Old - result from weakness
Nondisplaced : ends retain normal position. Displaced : ends out of normal alignment.
Complete : broken all the way. Incomplete : not broken all the way.
Open : (compound) skin is penetrated. Closed (simple) skin NOT penetrated
Anatomy of the long bone
Two Epiphyses (ends) that consists of compact bone extremally and Spongy bone internally. Also contains one Diaphysis (shaft) which consists of Compact bone. The diaphysis surrounds the Central Medullary cavity, filled with Yellow marrow. Articular cartilage covers the joint surfaces. Between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the Epiphyseal Line where bone growth occurs. The periosteum covers the outer surface, and the Endosteum lines the inner surfaces and Medullary cavity.
Types of Bones
Long bones (Femur)
Longer than they are wide, limb bones
Short bones (Wrist and ankles (carpals, tarsals))
Cube shaped, sesamoid bones, in tendons. Vary in size and number in individuals
Irregular bones (Vertebrae)
Flat bones (Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones)
Thin, flat, slightly curved.
Bone remodeling (Consists of BOTH bone deposit and bone resorption.)
Remodeling Units (occurs at surface of endosteum and periosteum)
Packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling
Resorption function of osteoblasts
Dig depressions/groves as they break the matrix. Secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons. Osteoclasts phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead oscteocytes
Disorders/diseases
Osteoporosis
A group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit. Matrix normal, mass declines
Risk Factors : Poor diet, Insufficient exercise, Genetics, etc
Paget's Disease
Excessive & haphazard bone deposit & resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly. Occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull. RARELY occurs before age 40. (High ratio of spongy to compact bone)
Treatment : calcitonin & bisphosphonates
Osteomalacia & Rickets
Osteomalacia : Bones poorly mineralized, osteoid produced but calcium salts not adequately deposited (soft, weak bones)
Rickets : bowed legs & other deformities. Bone ends are enlarged & abnormally long. Cause : Vitamin D defiecency
Joints & examples of each!
Cartilaginous Joints - joined by cartilage, no cavity and not high mobility.
Synchondrosis : united by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage, and almost all are synarthrotic
Symphyses: fibrocartilage unites the bone, hyaline is also presents as articular cartilage on bony surfaces. STRONG!
Fibrous Joints - joined by defense fibrous C.T., no joint cavity, synarthroses
Syndesmosis : connect two adjacent bones with strong ligaments. Short fibers offer little to no movements while longer fibers allow greater stretch.
Sutures : rigid interlocked joints on skull. During youth expand to allow growth but in mid age, ossify to protect brain.
Gomphoses : peg in socket joint like teeth. Periodontal ligament holds teeth in socket.
Synovial Joints - separated by fluid filled cavities, and are diarthrotic
Hinge : in elbow and knee, allow flexion and extension in one direction.
Pivot : in neck(Atlas and axis) allow rotation movement
Plane: between the small bones in wrists and ankles, allow sliding and gliding movement.
Condylar : wrists, allow movement in two planes but without rotation
Saddle : in thumb, allow movement from the back-forth and left-right
Ball - and - socket : in shoulder and hip, movement in all direction and rotation.
Names of all the bones
Phalanges - Fingers
Metacarpals - Palm
Vertebral Column - Spine
Carpals - Wrists
Coxal - Hip
Humerus - Forearm bone
Coccyx - Tailbone
Femur - Thigh
Tibia - Shin
Scapula - Shoulder blades
Tarsals - Ankles
Clavicle - Collar bone
Calcaneus - Heel
Mandible - Jaw
Frontal - Forehead
Differences between male and female skeleton
Female
Lengthening ceases around 18 years of age. A wider, shallower, oval shaped pelvis. Smaller bones and smoother skull. More common to get osteoporosis
Male
Lengthening ceases around 21 years of age. A more narrow, deeper, and heart shaped pelvis. Larger and greater bone density.
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Osteocytes (in lacunae, do NOT divide)
Maintain bone matrix, acts as stress or strain sensors. Respond to mechanical stimuli. Communicate osteoblast and osteoclasts
Bone - Lining cells
Flat cells on bone surfaces, help maintain matrix with osteocytes.
Osteoblasts (Mitotic)
Bone forming cells, secrete osteoid, made up of collagen and calcium binding proteins. Collagen is 90% of bone production!
Osteoclasts
Giant, multinucleate cell functions in bone. Active cells in resorption. Ruffled borders increase surface area for enzyme degradation.
Osteogenic cells (Osteoprogenitor cells)
Mitotically active stem cells periosteum and endosteum. Stimulated, differentiate into osteoblasts. Some remain as osteogenic cells.
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints (All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points)
Origin: attachment to immovable bone
Insertion: attachment to movable bone
Muscle
Muscle contraction causes insertion to move toward origin. Movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes. Range of motion allowed by synovial joints.
Movements
Nonaxial: slipping movements only
– Uniaxial: movement in one plane
– Biaxial: movement in two planes
– Multiaxial: movement in or around all three planes
3 general types of movement
– Gliding
One flat bone surface glides over another.
– Angular movements
Increase/decrease angle between bones
– Rotation
Turning bone around its own axis.