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Skeletal System - Period 3 Mia Rodriguez - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System - Period 3 Mia Rodriguez
Bone Fracture Repair
Reduction is realignment of broken bone ends and open reduction is realignment with surgical pins and wires
Immobilization is bone by cast or traction
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation: fibroblast secrete collagen fibers to break and correct broken ends; fibroblast, cartilage and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction
Bony Callus Formation: new trabeculae is formed in fibrocartilaginous (1 week), callus turns into bony callus for spongy bone
Hematoma Formation: torn blood vessel that form with clotted blood that leaves site swollen
Bone remodeling: being in bony callus; excess material removed, compact bone laid to reconstruct shaft walls
Name all the Bones
mandible- jaw
lumber- lovwer spine
carpal- wrist
nasal- nose
coxal bone - hips
Temporal- side of head
Humerus- funny bone
Calcaneus- Heel of foot
zygomatic- check bone
Tibia- shin
Sternum- breast bone
patella- knee cap
Clavicle- collar bone
Parietal- top of head
Phalanges- toes and fingers
Joints
Cartilaginous joints are bones with no joint cavity, almost immovable
Synchondroses: bar/plate of hyaline unites bone
Symphyses: fibro unites bone in symphysis joint, amphiarthrotic
Synovial Joints are bones separated by fluid-filled joints, diarotic, all limb joints
Fibrous joints are bones joined by dense connective tissue, immovable
Sutures: ridgid, interlocking joints of skull
Syndermoses: bones connected by ligaments, fibrous tissue
Gophoses: peg-in-socket joints, ex. teeth
Bone remodeling
occurs at periosteum and endosteum
osteoblast & clast begin the process
resorption is the function of osteoclast that dig depressions, calcium salt converts to soluble form
bone deposit is when a new bone matrix is deposited by osteoclast
Disorders/diseases
Osteoporosis: more bone resorption than deposit, common amongst postmenopausal women, estrogen plays role in bone density
Paget's Disease: excessive and hazards bone deposit and resorption, fast bone growth & poor devlopment
Osteomalacia: bones poorly mineralized, soft weak bones, pain when weight applied
Rickets in Children: bowed leg and bone deformities, vitamin d deficiency or insufficiency calcium
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Epiphysis line separates compact bone from spongy bone
articular cartilage and compact bone line long bone
Diaphysis contains the medullary cavity with yellow bone marrow
Differences between male and female skeleton
Males: rougher bone, stop growing at around 25, smaller pelvic inlet
Females: stop growing at 18, pelvic inlet larger, smoother and smaller bones
Movements allowed by synovial joints
origin: attachment is immovable
insertion: attachment is movable
nonaxial: slipping
uniaxial: movement in one place
biaxial: movement in two planes
multiaxial: movement in all planes
flexion: decrease in angle
extension: increase in angle
hyperextension: movement beyond anatomical position
abduction: away from midline
adduction: toward midline
circumduction: circular movement of body, limb, finger
Special Movements
Supination: palms face anteriorly
Pronation: palms posteriorly
dorsiflexion: bending foot towards shin
plantar flexion: pointing toes
Inversion: sole medially
Eversion: sole laterally
protraction: mandible juts out
reaction: pulled toward neck
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Osteocytes: mature bone cells in lacunae that dont divide, send signals to blast and clast for bone remodeling to occur
Bone-lining cells: flat cells on surface help maintain matrix
Osteoblast: bone forming cells secrete unmineralized bone matrix, mitotic, collagen and calcium proteins
Osteoclasts: destroy, stem cells become macrophages, mitotic,
Osteogenic: actively mitotic in periosteum and endosteum, when stimulate differentiate into osteoblast
Compact Bone in osteon, canals, canaliculi, interstitial and circumferential lamellar
Osteon: structural unit, withstand stress and twisting
Spongy Bone:: organized along lines to help bone resist stress