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Chapter 42-43: gas exchange and immune system - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 42-43: gas exchange and immune system
42.1 circulatory system and exchange
Gastovascular cavity: animals do exchange through their cells being in direct contact with the enviorment
open circulatory system: hemolymph is also interstital fluid, no direction
Closed circulatory system: hemoglobin, distinct from interstitial fluid, follows in one direction
Cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels
venules: collect deoxygenated blood from capillary beds
capillaries: arterioles branch into capillaries, size of a single blood cell, blood flow is slowest here
veins: carry blood to the heart
arterioles: what arteries branch into
arteries: carry blood away from the heart
[Single circulation: blood travels through the body in one single loop; has one atrium and one ventricle
Double circulation: right side pumps oxygen-poor blood, left side pumps oxyen-rich blood. Has two ventricles and two atriums
42.2: heart cycles and circulation in mammals
cardiac cycle: one complete cycle of pumping anf filling
Diastole: relaxes/ filling
systole: contraction/ pumping
Cardiac output: volume of blood each ventricle pumps per min
Stroke volume: amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single. Contraction
heart rate: number of beats per min
AV nodes: lies between each atrium and ventricle, valve opens when pushes from one side then closes; "brain" for the ventricle
Purkinje fibers: send electrical impulses from ther AV node to the ventricles
Bundle branches: carry the singles to the ventricles down the heart
SA node: "brain" for the atrium; sets rate and time at which all cardiac muscles contract
42.3: what keeps blood flowing
Arteries (moves blood away from heart) and veins (moves blood back to the heart) are the main components of blood flow
arteries are thicker b/c there is more pressure in the artieres pushing blood out
Veins send blood back to the heart at a lower pressure
veins have venues that control blood flow
Blood capillaries: deal with exchange- hormone, gases, nurtients, waste products
Constriction and dilation by smooth muscle
Sphincters: regulate blood flow, located at the end of capillary beds
Osmosis helps the movement of fluid through blood membrane and blood pressure
interstitial fluid surrounds all the cells in your body and goes to your lymph vessels and moves by muscle contraction
42.4: What is blood made of
plasma: liquid component of blood, makes up 55%
water: solvent
Plasma protiens: osmotic balancing, ph buffering, defense and immunity, liquid transport, blood clotting
Ions: osmotic balance, ph buffering, regulation of membrane permeability
Cellular elements: makes up 45%
erythrocytes: red blood cells, transport of oxygen
platelets: blood clotting
Leukocytes: white blood cells, defense and immunity
Atherosclerosis: hardening of arteries
HDL: brings excess cholesterol back to the liver (good)
LDL: delivers cholesterol to cells
42.5: gas exchange
Insects breath through spiracles in their exoskeleton
Tracheal system: network of air tubes that branch throughout the body
Mammals breath through lungs
nasal cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles--> alveoli
there are two bronchi, each one leads to one lung
Alveoli is where gas exchange occurs
Aquatic animals have gills for breathing
ventilation: maintains the partial pressure gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the gills for gas exchange
counter current exchange: exchange of O2 in the water and blood as they pass each other going in opposite directions
Partial pressure: pressure exerted by a certain gas in a mixture of gasses
42.6: How different animals breath
amphibians ventilates its lungs through positive pressure breathing
they gulp air/ forces air into their lungs
Mammals use negative pressure breathing
Pulling air into the lungs
Tidal volume: volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
vital capacity: tidal volume during max inhalation and max exhalation
residual volume: air that remains in the lungs after max exhalation
Birds have the most effective ventilation
two cycles of inhalation and exhalation
43.1: innate immunity relies on pathogens
innate immunity: immune defenses common to all animals
Insects use their exoskeleton as first defense
Lysozyme: breaks down bacterial cell walls
Hemocytes: ingest and break down micro organisms
Mammals use thier skin and mucus as first defense
toll-like receptor: binds to fragments of molecules that have characteristics of pathogens
Natural killer cells: circulate through the body, release chemicles
eosinophils are found beneath epithelium and defend against multicellular invaders
Dendritic cells on skin tissue
Mast cells are found in connective tissue and are responsible for inflammatory responses
histamine is related by mast cells
phagocytic cells in mammialian body
Neutrophils: circulate in the blood
macrophages: some migrate through the body, some are in organs
Interferons: protiens that provide innate defense by interacting with viral infections
43.2: adaptive immunity comes after innate immunity
(In vertebrates only) recongnition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors; slower responses
Lymphocytes mature into T cells and lymphocytes that remain in bone marrow turn into B cells
recognition occurs when a B or T cell binds to an antigen
Epitope: a specific region on an antigen molecule that is recognized and bound by an antibody
T cells recognize epitopes that are presented on the surface of host cells by MHC molecules
B cells recognize epitopes on the surface of antigens circulating in the blood or lymph
B cell receptors are Y shaped and are heavy or light chains
43.3: How does adaptive immunity work
Helper T cells: activates humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
1st condition: a foreign molecule must be present that can bind to the antigen receptor of the helper T cell
2nd condition: antigen must be displayed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell
Humoral immune response: antibodies help eliminate antigens by facilitating phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis
Cell mediated immune response: activated cytotoxic T cells triggers destruction of infected cells
Active immunity develops in response to infection
passive immunity provides immediate short term protection