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To what extent do you agree that doubt is central to the pursuit of…

- - - - Early chemists doubted the phlogiston theory
        
        Led to Lavoisier’s oxygen theory of combustion
        
        Foundation of modern chemistry
      - Einstein doubted Newton’s laws being universally applicable
        
        Led to theory of relativity
        
        Reshaped our understanding of space-time
      - Rutherford’s gold foil experiment doubted Thomson’s “plum pudding” model
        
        Discovery of the nucleus
      - Quantum mechanics was founded from doubts about classical physics explaining blackbody radiation and photoelectric effect (Planck doubted Einstein)
  - - - Climate change skepticism
        
        Overdoubt of climate models by policymakers delays action despite scientific consensus.
      - Vaccine skepticism
        
        Doubt of verified scientific research leads to misinformation and regression in public health.
      - Resistance to germ theory
        
        Many doctors doubted Pasteur and Semmelweis
        
        Slowing acceptance of hygiene in medicine
- - - - Shakespeare’s Hamlet
        
        the protagonist’s existential doubt drives both the plot and philosophical reflection.
      - T.S. Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
        
        Poetic voice rooted in doubt, self-consciousness, and fragmentation.
      - Postmodern literature (e.g., Borges, Pynchon)
        
        Doubt about truth, narrative, and authorship challenges readers’ perception of knowledge.
      - Kendrick Lamar’s DAMN.
        
        Explores moral and spiritual doubt to uncover deeper truth about self and society
  - - - Romantic poets (Wordsworth, Shelley)
        
        Express strong conviction in emotional truth and the sublime
        
        Doubt is replaced by faith in intuition
      - Political literature
        
        Orwell’s 1984 is written from conviction, not doubt
        
        Certainty in moral truth drives its impact
      - Religious or cultural epics
        
        Often aim to assert truths rather than question them