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Chapter 8: Introduction to Metabolism - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 8: Introduction to Metabolism
An Organism's Metabolism
Forms of Energy
Kinetic
Definition: Energy of motion
Thermal
Definition: Energy of heat
Potential
Definition: Has the potential to occur
Chemical
Definition: Energy within chemical reactions
Metabolic Pathways
Catabolic
Definition: Releases energy
Example: Cellular respiration
Metabolic
Definition: Altering a molecule to produce a product
Anabolic
Definition: Absorbs energy
Example: Protein synthesis
Exergonic
Definition: Releases free energy
Endergonic
Definition: Absorbs free energy
Definition: The totality of an organism's chemical reactions
The Free Energy Change of a Reaction
Definition: The capacity to cause change
Gibb's energy
Definition: How the available extra energy is determined
Spontaneous process
Definition: Occurs without energy input; can happen quickly or slowly
Non-spontaneous process
Definition: Process that decreases entropy
Equations
ΔG = G final state - G initial state
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
ΔS = Change in entropy
ΔH = Change in enthalpy
T = Temperature in Kelvin
ΔG = Change in free energy
Negative for all spontaneous purposes
Zero for all nonspontaneous purposes
Equilibrium
Definition: When forward and reverse actions happen at the same time
ATP Powers Cellular Work
Chemical
Definition:Pushes endergonic reactions
Transport
Definition: Moves substances across membrane
Mechanical
Definition: Sustains reactions
Energy coupling
Definition: The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
ATP
Definition: Energy
Enzymes Speed Up Metabolic Reactions
Restriction enzymes
Definition: Cuts DNA at certain sequences
Catalyst enzyme
Definition: Speeds up reactions
Catalysis
Definition: The process of a catalyst selectively speeding up a reaction
Substrate
Definition: The reactant that an enzyme acts on
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Definition: An enzyme binding to the substrate
Active Site
Definition: The region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate
The Laws of Energy Transformation
Thermodynamics
Definition
Study of energy transformation
1st Law
Energy can be transformed, but NOT created nor destroyed
2nd Law
Energy conversion occurs, and releases heat when so
Entropy
Definition: Disorder or randomness
Spontaneous Process
Definition: Increases the entropy of the universe
How ATP Provides Energy
Phosphorylation
Definition: Transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule
Phosphorylated intermediate
Definition: The recipient that is more reactive
The Activation Energy Barrier
Activation energy
Definition: The initial energy needed to break the bonds of reactants