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Cement - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Hardens only in dry conditions or through reaction with gasas (e.g., lime, gypsum plaster).
- - - - Lime Sources (Calcium): Limestone, Chalk, Shells. (Provides CaO)
      - Silica Sources (Silicon): Clay, Sand, Shale. (Provides SiO2)
      - Alumina Sources (Aluminum): Bauxite, Clay. (Provides Al2O3)
      - Iron Sources (Iron): Iron Ore, Mill Scale. (Provides Fe2O3)
    - - Quarrying & Crushing: Raw materials are extracted and reduced to small sizes.
        
        Grinding & Homogenization: Materials are mixed and finely ground into a "raw mix."
        
        Calcination & Clinkering (The Core Step):
        
        o Raw mix is heated in a Kiln (rotary furnace) to about 1450∘C.
        
        o Calcination (CaCO3→CaO+CO2): Limestone decomposes, releasing CO2 (major source of emissions).
        
        o Clinkering: Materials chemically react to form small, hard nodules called Clinker.
        
        4.Finish Grinding: Clinker is cooled and then ground into a fine powder.
        
        Gypsum Addition: A small amount of Gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O) is added during grinding to control the setting
        
        time (prevents flash set)