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((A. The Four Main Oxides, Lime (CaO), Silica (SiO2), Alumina (Al2O3),…
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Lime (CaO), Silica (SiO2), Alumina (Al2O3), Iron Oxide (Fe2O3).
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- Quarrying & Crushing: Raw materials are extracted and reduced to small sizes.
- Grinding & Homogenization: Materials are mixed and finely ground into a "raw mix."
- Calcination & Clinkering (The Core Step):
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o Calcination (CaCO3→CaO+CO2): Limestone decomposes, releasing CO2 (major source of emissions).
o Clinkering: Materials chemically react to form small, hard nodules called Clinker.
- Finish Grinding: Clinker is cooled and then ground into a fine powder.
- Gypsum Addition: A small amount
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Lime Sources (Calcium): Limestone, Chalk, Shells. (Provides CaO)
Silica Sources (Silicon): Clay, Sand, Shale. (Provides SiO2)
Alumina Sources (Aluminum): Bauxite, Clay. (Provides Al2O3)
Iron Sources (Iron): Iron Ore, Mill Scale. (Provides Fe2O3)
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o Portland Cement (OPC): The standard, most widely used type. Forms cement by hydration reactions.
o Blended Cements (e.g., Portland-Limestone, Pozzolanic): Mix OPC with Supplementary Cementitious
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o Hardens only in dry conditions or through reaction with gases (e.g., lime, gypsum plaster).
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A binder that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials, binding them together.
The term "Cement" typically refers to Hydraulic Cement, which hardens when mixed with water.