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chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism, portion of a systems energy that…

- - - - the breakdown of glucose in the presence of O₂, is an example of a pathway of catabolism
- - - - Chemical energy is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
    - - Moving objects perform work by imparting motion to other matter
- - - - 𝚫G=free energy
        
        𝚫G-=spontaneous
        
        𝚫G+=non spontaneous
        
        𝚫G0=equilibrium
        
        more stable
        
        less stable
      - 𝚫H=Enthalpy(total energy)
      - T𝚫S=temp in kelvin
      - 𝚫=a change in
- - - - phosphorylation is the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule, is typically used to power endergonic reactions
        
        The recipient molecule, a Phosphorylated intermediate, is more reactive (less stable, with more free energy) that the original molecule
      - ATP is generated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate(ADP)
      - Free energy needed to phosphorylate ADP comes from exergonic breakdown reactions(Catabolism)
- - - - enzyme binds to its substrate forming an enzyme substrate complex
        
        Increase in reaction speed= increase in substrate concentration
        
        All enzymes utilized=concentration
        
        Enzyme inhibitors
        
        Certain chemicals selectively inhibit action of specific enzymes
        
        Competitive inhibitors
        
        Closely resemble the substrate and can bind to enzymes active site
        
        active site is the region on the enzyme often a pocket or groove that binds to the substrate
        
        Noncompetitive inhibitors
        
        Bind to another part of the enzyme, away from active site
- - - - Other examples include pesticides and antibodies