Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cement - Coggle Diagram
Cement
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
(Definition) A binder that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials, binding them together.
(Definition) The term "Cement" typically refers to Hydraulic Cement, which hardens when mixed with water.
Hydraulic Cement (Most Common)
Portland Cement (OPC): The standard, most widely used type. Forms cement by hydration reactions.
Blended Cements (e.g., Portland-Limestone, Pozzolanic): Mix OPC with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs)
Non Hydraulic Cement
Hardens only in dry conditions or through reaction with gases (e.g., lime, gypsum plaster).
Definitions:
COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTION
A. Raw Materials (Ingredients)
Alumnia Sources (Alumunium): Bauxite, Clay. (Provides A12O3)
Lime Sources (Calcium): Limestone, Chalk, Shells. Provides CaO
Iron Sources (Iron): Iron Ore, Mill Scale. (Provides Fe2O3)
Silica Sources (Silicon): Clay, Sand, Shale. (Provides SiO2)
B. Manufacturing Process
Quarrying And Crushing: Raw materials are extracted and reduced to small sizes
Grinding And Homogenization: Materials are mixed and finely ground into a "raw mix"
Calcination and Clinkering (The Core Step):
Raw mix is heated in a Kiln (rotary furnance) to about 1450°C
Calcination (CaCO3°→ CaO+CO2): Limestone decomposes, releasing CO2 (major source of emissions).
Clinkering: Materials chemically react to form small, hard nodules called Clinker.
Finish Grinding: Clinker is cooled and then ground into a fine powder.
Gyspum Addition: A small amount of Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) is added during grinding to control and setting time (prevents flash set)
CEMENT CHEMISTRY (THE BOGUE COMPUNDS)
A. The four main oxides
Lime (CaO), Silica (SiO2), Alumnia (A12O3), Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)
B. The four main clinker phases (Bogue Compounds)
Alite (C3S): Tricalcium Silicate - Property: Responsible for early strength (within first 28 days)
Belite (C2S): Dicalcium Silicate - Property: Responsible for long term strength (reacts slowly)
Aluminate (C2A): Tricalcium Aluminate - Property: Contributes to flash set (controlled by gypsum); high heat evolution.
Ferrite (C4AF): Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite - Property: Contributes little to strength; gives cement its gray color.
APPLICATIONS AND RELATED MATERIALS
A. Primary Application
Concrete: Cement is the binding ingredients in concrete (Cement + Water + Aggregate). - Concrete uses: Buildings, Bridges, Roads, Dams, Foundations.
Mortar: Cement + Water + Sand. (Used for masonry, bricklaying).
Grout: Cement + Water. (Used to fill gaps).
B. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs)
Purpose: To replace a portion of clinker, reducing cost and CO2 emissions, improving concrete propertiers (e.g., durability)