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Cardiac Pathology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - small chamber, thick wall
      - Histological features
        
        Myocyte hypertrophy
        
        myocyte dissarray
        
        Fibrosis
    - - Heart is "squished from the outside" our the entire heart is inflamed and not able to contract/ fill like normal (preserved ejection fraction?)
        
        Characterized by a decreased ventricular compliance and diastolic failure with relatively normal gross appearance
      - Causes
        
        radiation
        
        sarcoidosis
        
        amyloidosis
        
        Endocardial dysfunction
        
        endomyocarditis (eosinophilic inflammation)
    - - dilated chamber, thin wall
      - Common Causes
        
        Too much catecholamines (pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, cocaine), poisoning (iron overload, cobalt), Beriberi (thiamine deficiency)
      - Morphological findings
        
        Myocytes of variable sizes with hyperchromatic nuclei, interstitial patchy fibrosis
        
        Hemochromatosis
      - Dilated CMP-like disorder
        
        Arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy
        
        autosomal dominant
        
        Fatty Change of the right ventricle
        
        Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
- - - - Left Atrium
    - - myocardium protruding into ventricles
      - hamartoma due to mutation in TSC1 and TSC2 genes
      - Rhabdo = arachnoid
        
        Small, firm, circumscribed myocardial masses (often multiple)
        Large clear (“spider”) cells with glycogen vacuoles separated by strands of cytoplasm
      - Papillary Fibroelastoma
        
        40 - 80 years of age
- - - - Size of Affected Blood Vessels
        
        Small-vessels vasculitis
        
        Arterioles, capillaries, & venules
        
        Eosinophilic granulomatosis AKA Churg-Strauss Syndrome
        
        Presentation
        
        Initially as asthma
        
        then ---> Allergic Rhinitis, lung infiltrates, peripheral eosinophilia, extravascular necrotizing granulomas
        
        eosinophils & granulomas
        
        Bechet Disease
        
        recurrent oral aphthous ulcers
        
        genital ulcers
        
        uveitis
        
        Wegener Granulomatosis aka Granulomatosis w/ Polyangiitis
        
        necrotizing granulomas of respiratory tract, necrotizing OR granulomatous vasculitis of small --> med vessels (usually upper airways)
        
        causes
        
        1 more item...
        
        presentation
        
        PR3-ANCA aka C-ANCA positive *cytoplasmic-ANCA
        
        Think granuloma of the respiratory tract
        
        cyclophosphomides
        
        IgA Vasculitis aka Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
        
        common in kids
        
        IgA:Anti-IgA immune complex formation (type III hypersensitivity rxn)
        
        Palpable Purpura on extremities only, polyarthritis, glomerulonephritis, GI mucosal thickening & intussusception
        
        Microscopic Polyangitis
        
        Large-Vessels
        
        Involving the Aorta and its branches
        
        Giant cell temporal arteritis
        
        Giant Angry Granny with pulsing temples (typically over 50 years old)
        
        Symtpoms
        
        Jaw claudication
        
        Sudden blindness
        
        other lesser emphasized symptoms
        
        1 more item...
        
        treatment
        
        corticosterioids
        
        Dx = temporal artery biopsy
        
        Takayasu "Pulseless" arteritis
        
        IL-6 & CD4 T-cell mediated
        
        Granulomatous inflammation of the aortic arch & off shoots
        
        symptoms
        
        absent, asymmetric, decreased upper extremity pulses, discrepant BPs
        
        renal involvement
        
        Histology: granulomatous inflammation in media, elastic lamina fragmentation
        
        Dx: eye exam, imaging, Anti-endothelial cell Ab, anti-smooth mm antibodies positive 2/3 of pts
        
        Young female named Takaya (common in Asia)
        
        Medium Vessel vasculitis
        
        Medium Arteries are Muscular
        
        Kawasaki disease (Mucocutaneous Lymph node syndrome)
        
        2 things neccesry for Dx
        
        5 days of fever over 101
        
        4/5 CRASH symtpoms
        
        5 more items...
        
        young children affected
        
        Treatment
        
        Aspirin & IVIG reduces heart aneurysm
        
        Giant aneurysm for coronary arteries
        
        Thromboangitis Obliterans/ AKA Buerger Disease
        
        Smokers disease (exclusively smokers)
        
        male < 50 years old
        
        Presentation
        
        Usually affects tibial & radial arteries
        
        2 more items...
        
        can present as Raynaud's Phenomenon
        
        might require amputation
        
        Polyarteritis nodosa
        
        Segmental transmural necrotizing
        
        Renal damage
        
        AKI
        
        Infarcts
        
        Bowell, coronary, skin or testicle
        
        Motor nerves-monoeuropthy multiplex
        
        Chronic Hep P (presence of anti-hep B immune complexes)
        
        Spares Pulmonary vessels!!
      - Def: inflammation of blood vessel walls & surrounding tissue
- - - - reduced heart sounds
      - enlarged cardiac silhouette
    - - Various conditions that cause the build-up of fluid or immune products in the body, or foreign material to the body. Also stress (raditation)
        
        Uremia, rheumatic fever, collagen vascular diseases (lupus, scleroderma, RA); infection; post MI; post-traumatic, surgery
- - - - Rheumatic Heart Disease following Rheumatic fever
        
        Aschoff body
        
        group A streptococci
        
        Fish mouth mitral valve
    - - Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
      - Infective endocarditis
        
        avascular
        
        vegitation