Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Organic Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Organic Chemistry
Alcohols
uses of alcohols are solvents, fuels, and drinks
contain functional group (-OH), which is hydroxyl
-
first four are: methanol (chemical feedstock), ethanol (alcohol, solvent), butanol, propanol (fuel and a solvent)
-
-
Creation of alcohols
Fermentation -
Yeast provides enzyme needed for fermentation, broken down sugar and water. Mild (25-30) temp and a catalyst. no oxygen (anaerobic)
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
uses ethene. takes a very long time, but supports local agriculture and doesn't need expensive equipment
-
Carboxylic acids
- carboxylic acid + metal carbonate -> salt + water + carbon dioxide. ethanoic acid is formed when ethanol is oxidised
- functional group is carboxyl (-COOH)
- general formula is CnH2n+1COOH, where n is num of atoms -1
- weak acids, so only the last H ionizes. the solution does not have as many H ions as a stronger acid with the same conc
- vinegar is a dilute solution ethanoic acid
-
Alkenes
Alkenes are used to produce polymers and as starting materials for the production of many
other chemicals.
when reacting with alkanes, bromine water stays orange but with alkenes it turns colourless
-
-
-
Esters
Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water.
Ethanol + ethanoic acid -> ethyl ethanoate + water.
formulation goes like metal/alcohol and acid(ate) + water
-
-
writing the carboxylic acid flipped might aid understanding. for the alcohol, only the -H bond separates, and for the acid only the O-H, which leaves a bond open from the last carbon. these separated bonds form water while the rest merges together to form the ester.
-
Fractional distillation
-
different hydrocarbons have different boiling points. the bottom of the fractionating column is hotter than all the boiling points, and the different hydrocarbons condense at their seperate bp.
alkanes/ fractions in crude oil: as chains increase, melting + bp increase, and viscosity increases. it gets less flammable. because the number of weak intermolecular forces increase.
Polymers
-
thermosoftening - melt when heated. thermosetting do not melt when heated. this is because there are more crosslinks (covalent bonds between molecules) in the latter, more weak intermolecular forces
-
Cracking
-
There is a high demand for fuels with small molecules (more volatile and flammable because of less chains) and so some of the products of cracking
are useful as fuels.
-
-
