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Module 7.WAN concepts - Coggle Diagram

- - - - DSL is a high-speed internet technology that uses existing telephone lines to deliver IP services while allowing simultaneous voice calls. It divides the frequency spectrum into separate bands: POTS (0–4 KHz) for voice, Upstream (26–138 KHz) for sending data, and Downstream (138–1100 KHz) for receiving data.
      - There are two main types: ADSL (asymmetric, with higher download speed) and SDSL (symmetric, equal speeds both ways). DSL performance depends on line quality and distance, ideally under 5.46 km for optimal signal. Despite some security risks, protection can be enhanced through VPNs.
  - - - Municipal Wi-Fi: Cities deploy public or restricted Wi-Fi networks that offer free or low-cost internet. Users connect via a wireless modem with a stronger antenna, similar to DSL or cable.
      - Cellular: Uses 3G, 4G, or 5G mobile networks for wide coverage and high-speed access, suitable for both mobile and home internet.
      - Satellite Internet: Provides coverage in remote areas using communication satellites, though latency is higher due to signal distance.
      - WiMAX: Uses microwave signals to deliver broadband over long distances. It supports fixed and mobile access but is now less common due to 4G and 5G.
  - - - Site-to-Site VPN: Configured on routers; connects entire corporate locations transparently.
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      - Remote Access VPN: Users connect individually using VPN software or secure web access
- - - - Point-to-Point Topology
      - Hub-and-Spoke Topology
      - Dual-homed Topology
      - Fully Meshed Topology
      - Partially Meshed Topology
- - - - T-carrier (North America): includes T1 links (up to 1.544 Mbps) and T3 links (up to 43.7 Mbps).
      - E-carrier (Europe): includes E1 links (up to 2.048 Mbps) and E3 links (up to 34.368 Mbps).
      - Today, copper-based infrastructure has largely been replaced by optical fiber networks, which provide higher transmission rates and improved reliability for modern WAN communications.
- - - - Dedicated Broadband: Uses fiber-optic cables, often referred to as dark fiber when unused. It offers the highest flexibility, speed, and security, but is also the most expensive option.
      - Packet-Switched: Includes Metro Ethernet and MPLS. Metro Ethernet extends LAN technology to WANs, offering high bandwidth, while MPLS allows transmission of various protocols (IPv4, IPv6, DSL, Ethernet) efficiently.
      - Internet-based Broadband: Uses the public internet for WAN connectivity, commonly combined with VPNs for security. Typical options include DSL, cable, wireless, and fiber connections.
  - - - Reduced costs and administration: It provides a high-bandwidth, Layer 2 network for data, voice, and video over a single infrastructure, reducing expenses and simplifying management.
      - Easy integration: Ethernet WAN connects smoothly with existing LANs, minimizing installation time and costs.
      - Enhanced productivity: It supports advanced IP-based applications such as VoIP, video streaming, and hosted communications.
  - - - MPLS is a high-performance WAN routing technology that connects clients regardless of their access type—such as Ethernet, DSL, Cable, or Frame Relay. It supports multiple protocols, including IPv4 and IPv6.
      - MPLS networks use different router roles: Customer Edge (CE), Provider Edge (PE), and Provider (P) routers. These routers use labels to efficiently route packets through the network. The PE router adds a label when traffic enters the MPLS cloud, and the egress PE router removes it when the packet exits.
      - This system increases routing efficiency and flexibility while supporting a wide range of access technologies and services.