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Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 6 A Tour of
the Cell
Microscopes & Biochemistry
Microscopy
Light Microscope (LM): Uses light; can view living cells.
Electron Microscope (EM): Higher resolution; only non-living specimens.
Transmission EM (TEM): Internal structure.
Scanning EM (SEM): Surface topology.
Resolution: Clarity of image.
Magnification: Ratio of image size to real size.
Contrast: Difference in brightness.
Cell Fractionation
Definition: Breaks cells apart; separates organelles by size/density.
Centrifugation: Spins samples at high speeds.
Purpose: Isolates organelles for biochemical analysis.
Eukaryotic Cells
Basic Features
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic: Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic: No nucleus, smaller, simpler (e.g., bacteria).
Organelles Overview
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts (in plants)
The Eukaryotic Cell’s Genetic Instructions
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane with pores.
Chromatin: DNA + proteins.
Nucleolus: Produces rRNA and ribosome subunits.
Ribosomes
Function: Protein synthesis.
Free Ribosomes: In cytosol.
Bound Ribosomes: Attached to ER.
Endomembrane System
Components
Nuclear Envelope
ER (Smooth & Rough)
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vesicles
Plasma Membrane
Functions
Protein transport and processing
Lipid metabolism
Detoxification
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Function: ATP production (cellular respiration).
Structure: Double membrane, cristae, matrix.
Contain their own DNA (endosymbiont theory).
Chloroplasts
Function: Photosynthesis.
Structure: Double membrane, thylakoids, stroma.
Also contain DNA.
Cytoskeleton
Functions
Structural support
Cell movement
Organelle transport
Components
Microtubules: Tubulin, cell shape, cilia/flagella, mitotic spindle.
Microfilaments: Actin, muscle contraction, cell motility.
Intermediate Filaments: Stability, anchoring organelles.
Extracellular Components & Cell Connections
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) [Animal Cells]
Components: Collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin.
Function: Support, adhesion, movement, regulation.
Cell Walls [Plants]
Structure: Cellulose.
Function: Protection, shape, water regulation.
Cell Junctions
Plasmodesmata (plants): Channels between cells.
Tight Junctions: Seals between cells.
Desmosomes: Anchoring junctions.
Gap Junctions: Communication channels.