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chapter 7, [ ]=concentration - Coggle Diagram
chapter 7
integral proteins
penetrate hydrophobic core
transmembrane proteins
are integral proteins that span the membrane
peripheral proteins
are bound to the surface of the membrane
Glycoprotein
carbohydrates bonded to lipids
Glycolipid
carbohydrates bonded to protein membranes exhibit selective permeability
3 characteristics allowing things to pass through cellular membrane
size
(small)
nonpolar
uncharged
Hydrophilic substances cross membranes more quickly by passing through
transport proteins
channel proteins
have hydrophilic channels that have certain molecules or ions can use as tunnels
carrier proteins
bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane
Passive cell transport
No ATP required
High [ ] to low [ ]
Down [ ] gradient
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion [ ] gradient required
Osmosis- semipermeable membrane required
Active Cell transport
required ATP
Low [ ] to high [ ]
Against [ ] gradient
enables cells to maintain solute
concentrations that differ from the environment
Transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the
sodium-potassium pump
energizes the transport
of K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell
Membrane potential
voltage across a membrane
Electrochemical gradient
Two combined forces that drive the diffusion of
ions across a membrane
Proton pump
actively transports hydrogens out of the cell
Co-transport
occurs when active transport of solute indirectly drives transport of other substances
Concentration Gradient-
Sometimes visible sometimes invisible division of quantity or amounts
Osmosis
Diffusion of
only water
Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration of solute
Phospholipid
within fatty acid tails, unsaturated double bonds prevent packing
amphipathic- having hydrophobic/hydrophilic parts
fluid mosaic model
constantly moving and changing plasma membrane(cell membrane)
Cholesterol effects membrane fluidity at different temperatures.
reduced membrane fluidity in moderate tempuratures
3 types of Osmosis
Hypertonic Solution
cell is hypotonic
water leaves the cell following a higher concentration of solute outside of the cell
Cell shrinks
isotonic
an equal amount of water is moving in and out of the cell. ISO= equal
Hypotonic solution
cell expands/swells
water moves toward the higher concentration of solute entering the cell
Cell is hypertonic
Lysed
= to burst(hypotonic)
Hypo
=bellow
Hyper
=above
Osmoregulation
means the control of solute concentration and water abundance
Ion channels
facilitate transport of ions
Gated channels
open or close in response to stimulus
[ ]=concentration
