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CHAPTER 7 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - CHANNEL PROTEINS: Act like pores (e.g., ion channels, aquaporins for water).
      - CARRIER PROTEINS: Change shape to move molecules across the membrane.
      - NO TRANSPORTERS FOR NONPOLAR MOLECULES (O₂, CO₂, methane).
- - - - SIMPLE DIFFUSION: Small, nonpolar molecules (O₂, CO₂, hydrocarbons) cross directly.
      - FACILITATED DIFFUSION: Polar or charged molecules cross through channel or carrier proteins.
      - EXAMPLES
        
        CHANNEL PROTEINS: Open pores for ions (Na⁺, Cl⁻).
        
        CARRIER PROTEINS:Change shape to allow glucose or amino acids through.
        
        OSMOSIS: Diffusion of water through aquaporins.
    - - ISOTONIC: Equal water in and out.
      - HYPOTONIC: Water enters cell → may burst.
      - HYPERTONIC: Water leaves cell → cell shovels.
- - - - Difference in voltage across a membrane due to charge separation.
      - Inside cell = more negative; outside = more positive.
    - - When active transport indirectly drives another substance’s movement.
      - EXAMPLE: Proton-sucrose co-transporter brings sucrose in as H⁺ diffuses back in.
- - - - Vesicle fuses with membrane → releases contents (e.g., insulin secretion).