Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Module 6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - later set to include the amygdala for stimulus-affect memory, showing a triple dissociation
  - - - after this removal, he became unable to learn new declarative memories (the knowing part)
        
        was still able to develop procedural memories however (motor skills)
- - - - divided into two categories
        
        first category is female philopatry, when females stay and breed in their natal groups, and males leave at puberty
        
        second category is male philopatry, where males stay in the breeding area, and females leave at puberty
      - more likely to be matrilineal focused
        
        not patrilineal for two reasons
        
        first is males breed with more than one female, so they do not stick around for bonding with further generations
        
        second is that most males leave at puberty, losing patrilineal bonds
    - - matrilineal societies show seven traits, for human patrilineal societies, it is the same seven but male focused
        
        lifetime bond between mother and daughter
        
        familiarity bonds centered around mother
        
        male emigration at puberty
        
        cooperative activities among females
        
        female philopatry
        
        kinship bias in pattern of cooperation
        
        multimale and multifemale group
  - - - ability to learn by observing others
      - ability to innovate
    - - social learning
      - creativity
  - - - first is nonhuman primates recognize their kin to a degree to treat them preferentially
        
        second is recognition that inbreeding reduces reproductive success
        
        third is one or both sexes leave birthing area during puberty to reduce chance on incest
        
        fourth is sexually mature primates avoid kin as sexual partners
        
        fifth is incest is avoided by close bonds and familiarity
        
        sixth is that males are more likely to initiate incest than females
        
        1 more item...
  - - - similar traits that evolved separately due to similar environmental factors
    - - traits that are distinctly human and evolved due to our own unique environmental pressues
    - - traits that are present in two or more species that are derived from a common ancestor
      - the more similar the trait, the more recent the divergence of the two species, generally
      - began in the 1940's
    - - traits that are a combination of the three previous categories. Further divided into three categories
        
        exclusive
        
        trait that are distinctly human, but are combinations of earlier traits from primates
        
        cognitively generated
        
        combination of older primate traits that are paired with the newer cognitive abilities
        
        nonexclusive
        
        human traits seen in other primates, but in simpler cognitive and social forms
    - - general social processes
      - specific domains of social behavior
      - fundamental correlates of human cognitive abilities
      - social relationships
      - cognitive abilities
      - emotions
      - complex social patterns and structure
- - - - two large study types are the two action task and the group diffusion
        
        group diffusion is used to track and understand how a behavior spreads throughout a group
        
        two action task is when a task with two different solutions is presented to an animal, and one of the solutions is shown to the animal at the start
        
        if the animal repeats the shown solution, then they learn through imitation
    - - first example of cultural learning came from macaques washing their potatoes
        
        these macaques also showed traditions of using stones to play
      - capuchins engaged in hand sniffing, body part sucking, finger in mouth games, hair games, and toy games
        
        capuchins also showed differences in hunting based on their tribes
      - chimpanzees showed hand grooming traditions
      - orangutans showed traditions of up to 6 social signals and 10 feeding techniques
  - - - includes four key traits
        
        first is goal setting
        
        second is learning the physical properties of the object
        
        third is learning relationships between objects
        
        fourth is learning what can be done with an object
      - primary focus of learner is the changes taking place in the environment
    - - stimulus enhancement is when one being directs another's attention to a specific stimulus
        
        may be indistinguishable at times
      - local enhancement is when one being directs another's attention to a specific location
    - - high emphasis on copying behaviors to achieve same result, including both relevant and irrelevant behaviors
    - - social enhancement- defined as motivation increase or decrease based on presence of peer
      - social contagion is when two or more beings coordinate behaviors together
    - - teaching is separate from simply enacting the behavior because when teaching the behavior, the behavior is altered in some form that does not benefit the teacher
      - is seen in species that are not only cognitively advanced
    - - less common examples include specialized grooming, communicative signals, and tool use techniques