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Module 7 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - arousal is present in each category
        
        vegetative state is only category without discernible consciousness
      - direct and indirect electrical stimulation has shown some promise with getting patients out of these states, as well as some medicinal options
  - - - involvement of regions receiving sensory information
      - all nonviable options for NCC
      - recruitment of spatially distributed neurons
  - - - idealism states mind over matter, only consciousness exists, think solipsism
      - physicalism states matter over mind, ultimate reality is governed by the physical world
        
        leads to functionalism, idea that consciousness exists in different forms, such as humans and technology
- - - - not much clear data for a pattern to be discerned about how decay in this region affects cognitive decline, even showing paradoxical situations
    - - forebrain structures that regulate cognition, reward, and motor functions
        
        linked to PFC and MTC, and shows strong age decay
    - - anterior regions are more prone to age decay than posterior regions
      - prefrontal cortex decays with age faster than most other regions
        
        includes both gray and white matter
        
        as white matter decreases, attention, working memory, and episodic memory decreases
        
        as grey matter decreases, cognitive performance decreases
      - certain regions are less active in older adults than younger adults, and vice versa
    - - as age increases, cholinergic cells decrease and acetylcholine availability decrease
        
        reduced dopamine and norepinephrine also play part in cognitive decline
  - - - depression can mimic effects of dementia
        
        as age increases, depressive symptoms typically decreases, as personal focus shifts towards positive instead of negative
    - - multiple factors influence declines
        
        for example, cognitive testing in the morning shows much smaller gap between younger and older adults than cognitive testing in the afternoon does
        
        requires more longitudinal studies to determine if declines can all be attributed to age or if they are personal traits
    - - normally one of the first steps, and even causes of cognitive decline
        
        can mimic cognitive decline symptoms in younger adults
    - - testing typically takes place in WEIRD countries, requiring more studies in more varied countries
    - - predicting dementia is very difficult and uncertain
  - - - as age increases, cognitive resources decrease, meaning mental energy
    - - memory loss is primarily due to dysfunction of internal inhibitory system that removes irrelevant information
    - - older adults process slower, likely due to slowing in neural systems
  - - - high trans fat diets can increase the risk of Alzheimer's by up to 150%
    - - as we age, quality of sleep naturally decreases, lessening preserving traits
  - - - as age increases and frontal lobe function decreases, function here decreases
        
        possible result show that clinical testing does not reflect real world application well
    - - explicit memory declines more than implicit memory does
        
        explicit memory is divided down to two categories. semantic and episodic
        
        semantic is factual knowledge
        
        episodic is recall of personally experienced events
        
        impacted more heavily by age
      - older adults show reduced capability with word-stem cued recall, but less reduction with word-stem completion
      - researchers believe that decay in this cognitive domain may be key factor in decay in all other cognitive domains
    - - ability to remember information maintains, but ability to appropriately apply information fades
    - - older adults show difficulty in processing spoken language and finding particular words
        
        may be a multi-faceted issue, such as auditory decline playing a factor
      - many language tasks show no decline, even improving, with age instead
    - - only minor decline with sustained attention or vigilance
      - selective attention shows larger decline
      - older adults are less adept at tasks requiring splitting or dividing attention
    - - many functions remain strong due to different factors, such as action compensation, like grocery lists. Also gain of wisdom to increase aptitude
  - - - as well as vanishing cue exercises and spaced retrieval exercises