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Yoselin Mora Period 3 Skeletal System, * - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Anatomy of the Long Bone: -Compact Bone: dense outer layer on every bone, appears solid
        
        Spongy Bone: made up of small honey-comb like small needle-like flat pieces of bone called trabeculae (open spaces of trabeculae have either red or yellow bone marrow)
        -Compact bone is sandwhiched b/w connective tissue membranes
        -Periosteum: covers outside of compact bone
        -Endosteum: covers inside portion of compact bone
        -Diaphysis: tubular shaft that forms along axis of bone
        -Epiphyses: ends of long bones that consists of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
        -Epiphyseal Line: b/w diaphyiss and epiphysis
        -Epiphyseal plate: where bone growth occurs
        2 types of membranes:
        
        Periosteum: white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
        
        Fibrous Layer: outer layer made of irregular Connective tissue and sharpey's fivers that secure to the bone matrix
        
        Osteogenic Layer: inner layer abutting bone and contains primitive osteogenci stem scells that give rise to most/all bone cells.
        -Endosteum: delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface
        Hematopoietic tissue in bones:
        -Red Marrow: found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone nd diploe of flat bones such as sternum
- - - - Sutures:
        -Rigid interlocking joints of skull
        -allow for growth during youth
        -short CT fibers which allow for expansion
        -Ossify and fuse as people stop growing
        -immovable joints-join skull into one
        -Synostoses: closed immovable sutures
      - Syndesmoses: -Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue)
        -fiber length varies=movement varies also
        -short fibers=little to no movement (ex: inferior tibiofibular joint)
        -Longer fibers=more movement
        (ex:interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna)
      - Gomphoses:
        -Peg-in-socket joints
        -only in teeth in alveolar sockets
        -fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
        -hold tooth in socket
    - - Synchondroses: -Bones untied by Hyaline cartilage
        -epiphyseal plate
        -(Joint b/w 1st rib and sternum)
        -almost all are synarthrotic (immovable)
        -(ex: temporary epiphyseal okate joints)
      - Symphyses:
        -bones united by fibrocartilage
        -fibrocartilage unites bone in Symphysis joint
        -Hyaline cartilage is also present as articular cartilage on bondy surfaces
        -Symphyses are strong and phiarthrotic (slightly movable) joints
    - - Characteristics of Synovial Joints: -Have bursae and tendon sheaths associated w/ them
        -Has 6 general features
        -Stability is influenced by 3 factors
        -Allow several types of movements
        -classified into 6 different types
      - General Strcuture: 6 general features:
        1: Artcular Cartilage; consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones (prevents crushing bone ends)
        2: Joint (synovial) cavity: small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints
        3: Artcular (joint) Capsule: 2 layers thick: External fibrous layer: dense irregular CT and inner synovial membrane: loose CT that makes synovial fluid
        4: Synovial Fluid: viscous slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid (lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage and contains phagocytic cells to remove mivrobes and debris
        5: Different types of reinforcing ligaments:
        
        Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
        -Extra capsular: outside the capsule
        -Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
        6: Nerves and Blood Vessels: Nerves detect pain; monitor joint position and stretch
        -Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
        Other Features of Some Synovial Joints:
        -**Fatty pads: for cushioning b/w fubrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone
        -Articular discs (menisci): fibrocartilage separate articular cartilage surfaces to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
      - Bursae and Tendon Sheaths: Bags of synovial fluid that act as lubricatinf "ball Bearing"
        -Not Strictly part of synovial joints, but closely associated
        -Bursae: reduced friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
        -Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction
      - Types of Synovial Joints:
        -6 different types based on shape of articular surface as well as movement joint is capable of:
        
        Plane: flat articular surface, gliding motion, nonaxial movements (they slide/glide past each other without rotating around a specific axis) Ex: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints b/w vertebral articular surfaces
        
        Hinge: cylinder and trough, flexion and extension, medial/lateral axis, uniaxial movement Ex: elbow joints (ulna and humerus), interphalangeal joints
        
        Pivot: Sleeve (bone and ligament) and axle (rounded bone), rotation, vertical axis, uniaxial movement Ex: proximal radioulnar (radius and ulna) joints, atlantoaxial joint (atlas and axis)
        
        Condylar Joint: Oval articular surfaces, medial/lateral axis and anterior/posterior axis, flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, biaxial movement
        *Ex: metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
        
        Saddle Joint: articular surfaces are both concave and convex, medial/lateral axis, anterior/posterior axis, adduction and abduction, flexion and extension, biaxial movement
        Ex: carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
        
        Ball-in-socket Joint: cup (socket) and spherical head (ball), medial/lateral axis, anterior/posterior axis, vertical axis, flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, rotation, multiaxial movement
        *Ex: shoulder joints and hip joints"
      - Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
        
        -All muscles attach to bone or CT at no fewer than 2 points
        Origin: attachment to immovable bone
        Insertion: attachment to movable bone
        -Muscle contraction causes insertion to move toward origin
        -Movements occurring along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
        
        Range of Motion allowed by Synovial Joints:
        -Nonaxial: slipping movements only
        -Uniaxial: movement in one plane
        -Biaxial: movement in two planes
        -Multiaxial: movement in or around all 3 planes
        
        3 Types of General Movements:
        
        Gliding Movements:
        -One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
        -Ex: intercarpal, intertarsal, vertebrae
        
        Angular Movements: Increase or decrease angle between 2 bones
        -Movement along sagittal plane
        
        Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint
        
        Extension: increases the angle of the joint
        
        Hyperextension: movement beyond the anatomical position
        
        Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from the midline (Ex: raising your arm to T pose)
        
        Adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward the midline (bringing arms down from sides)
        
        Circumduction: involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb (limb describes a cone in space)
        
        Rotation: turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
        
        Medial: rotation toward midline
        
        Lateral: rotation away from midline
        
        Special Movements
        
        Supination and Pronation: rotation of radius and ulna
        Supination: palms face anteriorly (radius and ulna are parallel)
        Pronation: palms face posteriorly (radius rotates over ulna)
        
        Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion of foot -Dorsiflexion: bending of foot towards shin
        Plantar Flexion: pointing toes
        
        Inversion and Eversion of foot -
        Inversion: sole of foot faces medially
        Eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
        
        Protraction and Retraction: Movements in lateral plane
        Protraction: mandible juts out
        Retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck
        
        Elevation and depression of mandible - Elevation: Lifting body part superiorly (shrugging shoulder) Depression**: lowering body part (opening jaw)*
        
        Opposition: movement of thumb (ex: OK symbol or grasping movement where thumb touches other fingers on the same hand)