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EVOLUTION, synapomorphy, apomoprhic - Coggle Diagram

- - - - mosses and hornwort sporophyte
    - - moss and hornwart liverwarts
      - basal lineages
  - - - Hormone based stress receptors
    - - how well plant turns water into Carbon by photosynthesis
      - Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
  - - - narrow, has linear arrays of epidermis
      - dumbell shaped guard cell
      - grasses
    - - random shape with epidermis
      - kidney bean shape guard cells
      - several divisions before form guard cells
- - - - water transported upward from roots to leaves because cohesion, adhesion, and water potential
      - less nagtive to more negative water potential
    - - movementy of sugars from sources to sinks
      - sources are leaves and storage tissues
      - strongest sinks: roots in fruits, shoot apical meristems, & root apical meristems
      - surcrose passes through phloem to reach sinks
      - xylem gets water from root sink cells
- - - - primitive water conducting cells, lack plasmodesmata
        
        allow to refill water after cavitation
      - no lignin so looks structuraly different
      - apomorphic trait (similar function but differing origin) to true vascular tissue
    - - lignin
        
        before this, there was hydrostatic pressure
        
        early tracheophytes were partially lignified
        
        present day tracheophytes fully lignified, helical and annular thickenings
        
        horneophyton
      - Tracheary elements:
        
        die at maturity
        
        lignin thickened walls
        
        waterproof, structural
      - first true water conducting cells
      - connected by pit pairs for limited water movement
      - more preventative of cavitation
      - Early tracheids:
        
        water transport only
        
        no support
        
        long and wide
        
        ferns
        
        rhizomes has tracheids and vessel elements
      - Pine Tracheids
        
        water & support
        
        torus margo pit membrane
        
        prevent cavitation and embolism
        
        as water moves through tracheid, embelism kills this air bubble (torus close down to stop spread of air flow)
  - - - conductive area greatr in end wall
    - - pit membranes absent in mature
  - - - more plasmodesmata in end walls
      - plastids, mitochondria, ER vesicles
      - Tonoplast breakdown (membrane around large central vacuole)
        
        To mix vaculoar and cytoplasmic contents
      - Rare nuclear breakdown (some species)
      - common features to sieve cells
    - - callose
        
        polysaccharides that surround sieve pores during injury
        
        detect injury & fill pores
      - p proteins
        
        plug pores when leakage occurs
        
        angiosperms only
    - - primary cell wall thicken
      - cytoplasmic clear
      - deposit callose
      - nuclear breakdown
      - form sieve plate and pores
- - - - more sporophyte=more spores= more dispersal
    - - sporophyte no longer restricted to damp areas!
  - - - "hidden seed"
      - flowers
        
        dispersal & attraction
      - co evolution
      - last great plant innovation
- - - - stems, branch, leaves, flowers, apical meristems
      - apical meristems for differentiation of new shoot tissue
    - - root hairs, epidermal cell extensions (surface area for absorption)
      - apical meristems for elongation and development of lateral roots
      - ROOTS
        
        rhizoids precursor for anchorage & absorption thro osmosis
        
        Rhizomorphs
        
        Lepidodendrales extinct
        
        Dichotomous rooting system
        
        lateral stigmarian rootlets
        
        root hairs, mixed reports
        
        very branched
        
        predate land plants
        
        root hair development
        
        like roots: no chlorophyll, no stomata, gravitropically develop
        
        extant species lycophyte: burfurcating with root hair, no quiescent center
        
        water transport (root to stele)
        
        apoplectic transport
        
        passive transport through membranes
        
        symplastic transport
        
        slower transport through plasmodesmata and cytoplasm
        
        earky roots had no root cap or quiescent center
        
        Q center: cluster of cells in apical meristem that are not dividing
        
        Lycophytes were first group wirh roots
        
        surround apical meristem is pericycle
        
        pericycle pluripotent layer of cells within endodermis
        
        also have extra barrier called hypodermic under epidermis
        
        Monocot Roots
        
        diverse, pith in center
        
        endodermis
        
        cortex surrounds
        
        epidermis, cortex, endodermis, casparian strip, pericyclem xylem, phloem, pith
        
        HAS PITH
        
        Eudicot Roots
        
        divserse, no pithm endodermism cortex
        
        epidermis, cortex, endodermis, casparian strip, pericucle, xylem, phloem NO PITH
        
        NO PITH
        
        lycophytes developed further, then euphyllophytes (gym and angiosperms)
        
        euphyllophytes display EXARCH arrangement of protaoxylem outside of the metaxylem
        
        3 zones of develop:
        
        1) zone of division
        
        around apical meristem
        
        2) zone of elongation
        
        has the transition tissues: pro cambium, protoderm, ground meristem
        
        3) zone of differentiation
        
        fully mature/specialized, from root hairs
    - - stomata
      - primary site of photosynthesis
      - flat sturcture maximizes surface area for light
      - LEAVES
        
        2 theories of origin
        
        Enation Theory:
        
        microfils came from enation
        
        lycophyte leaves
        
        Progressive elaboration of epidermal outgrowths
        
        wasculare strands enter later
        
        consistant fossils, asteroxylon
        
        Living evidence, 2 epidermal cells grow to form leaf pair
        
        Zimmerman Telome Theory
        
        Euphyll evolution
        
        Overtopping
        
        uequal branching
        
        Planation
        
        flatten axes into 2D
        
        Webbing
        
        thin tissue between axes of branches
        
        branch become vein
        
        webbing become mesophyll
        
        Forms
        
        microphyll
        
        lycophyte
        
        mitosis of 2 epidermal cells
        
        Frond
        
        monilophyte
        
        mitosis of single apical cell
        
        shoot development
        
        Euphylls
        
        seed plants
        
        pool of recruited cells
        
        from flanks of multicellular shoot apical meristem
        
        polyphyletic origin
        
        microphylls/lycophylls=earliest evidence of true leaves
        
        euphyllophytes
        
        independent evolution
        
        "phyllad"
        
        5 phyllad tissue types:
        
        Chlorenchyma
        
        ground tissue
        
        chloroplasts
        
        photosynthesis
        
        made of both parenchyma and chloroplasts
        
        Arenchyma
        
        ground tissue
        
        made of special parenchyma
        
        air spaces between cells, from cells being digested
        
        permit gas exchange
        
        large air pockets are for buoyancy in aquatic plants
        
        Collenchyma
        
        ground tissue
        
        thickened primary cell walls
        
        flexible support
        
        bundle sheath of veins
        
        Vascular Tissue
        
        xylem
        
        tracheids
        
        water transport
        
        phloem
        
        sieve tube element/sieve cells
        
        companion cells/albuminous cells
        
        photosynthate transport
        
        in veins
        
        epidermis
        
        dermal tissue
        
        epidermal cells
        
        guard cells
        
        protective
        
        cutenized
        
        TYPES
        
        Monocot
        
        epidermis
        
        Axial (outer)
        
        Abaxial (twd stem)
        
        covered by cuticle
        
        has stomata
        
        bulliform cells: rolling & unrolling to keep temp down
        
        mesophyll
        
        veins
        
        surround by bundle sheaths
        
        Eudicot
        
        Epidermis
        
        dermal tissue
        
        epidermal tissue
        
        guard cells
        
        cuticle
        
        upper/lower
        
        mesophyll
        
        palisade: photosynthesis
        
        spongy : gas exchange
        
        Veins
        
        bundle swath cells
        
        xylem on top, phloem on bottom
  - - - cuticle to stop loss of water
    - - protection from predators or reflect excess light
  - - - active growth regions
      - elongated, uneven thickness
      - flexible support
    - - fibers (long slender)
      - sclerids (short, variable shape)
    - - versatile, adaptable, common cells
      - store nutrients/water
      - wound repair
      - thin cell wall, big vacuole
  - - - xylem
        
        fibers
        
        structural support
        
        vessel elements short & continuous tubules
        
        tracheids elongated, tapered (boba straw)
        
        tracheids and vessel elements
    - - sieve tube cells
        
        NO NUCLEUS
        
        CCs for metabolism
        
        sugar transport
        
        Angiosperms: phloem of sieve tube elements
        
        Gymnosperms: phloem of sieve cells
      - companion cells
        
        special parenchyma cells
        
        "albuminous cells"
        
        load/unload sugars
      - sclerenchyma & fibers
        
        structural for phloems
    - - protostele
        
        most ancient
        
        phloem surround xylem/interspersed
      - siphonostele
        
        ring of phloem, xylem, surrounding pith
      - eustele
        
        most complex
        
        strand of phloem & xylem seperated by parenchyma
        
        pro gymnosperms
- - - - They have a totipotent region at the shoot that allows for their differentiation
      - can turn into any cell= totipotent
      - apical meristem is a pleisomorphic trait!!!!
      - made of 3 transition tissues:
        
        1) protoderm
        
        become dermal tissue
        
        root epidermal cells that control nutirent and water uptake
        
        outer layer
        
        2) pro cambium
        
        under protoderm
        
        become xylem & phloem (vascular tissue)
        
        Xylem:
        
        tracheids
        
        vessel elements
        
        Phloem
        
        sieve tube elements
        
        companion cells
        
        move nutrients/water and support height/width
        
        3) ground meristem
        
        between protoderm and pro cambium
        
        make ground tissue system
        
        parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
      - divide by mitosis: PMATC
  - - - apical meristem dominance
      - 2D to 3D growth switch
        
        1) spore divide mitotically, form filaments
        
        2) cells at tip of filamentous algae, elongate and turn linear
        
        3) some cells in linear do 3D growth
        
        4) cells bulge and make a round shape and leafy shoots
      - Bifurcating sporophyte
        
        entered to anisotomous branching, where daughter branches outgrew others
      - movement of terminal sporophyte, replaced laterally