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28. DEFENCE AGAINST DISEASE, Screenshot 2025-10-10 at 22.20.48 - Coggle…
28. DEFENCE AGAINST DISEASE
PATHOGENS AND DISEASES
A PATHOGEN IS A DISEASES CAUSING AGENT
BACTERIA
FUNGI
VIRUSES
PROTISTS
PRIMARY DEFENCE
SKIN IS A PHYSICAL BARRIER
FATTY ACIDS MAKES THE SKIN ACIDIC TO PREVENT GROWTH OF PATHOGENS
SKIN IS A CHEMICAL BARRIER
SKIN HAS MUCOUS MEMBRANES WHICH CONTAINS ENZYMES THAT CONTAIN BACTERIA
BLOOD CLOTTING
PLATELETS ARE ATTRACTED TO THE WOUNDED TISSUES WHERE THEY RELEASE CLOTTING FACTORS
CLOTTING FACTORS PRODUCE THROMBIN WHICH CONVERTS FIBRINOGEN (SOLUBE PLASMA PROTEIN) IN FIBRIN
FIBRIN IS A MESH OF FIBRES IN WHICH BLOOD AGGREGATES TO
INNATE VS ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
INNATE
RESPONDS TO BROAD CATEGORIES OF PATHOGEN
DOES NOT CHANGE DURING AN ORGANISM'S LIFE
NON-SPECIFIC
ADAPTIVE
RESPONDS IN A SPECIFIC WAY TO PARTICULAR PATHOGENS
BUIDLS UP A MEMORY OF PATHOGENS ENCOUNTERED SO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IS MORE EFFECTIVE
SPECIFIC
PHAGOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTES ENGULF ALL PATHOGENS THAT ENCOUNTER THE BODY
THE PATHOGEN ENTERS THE VACUOLE OF THE PHAGOCYTE
LYSOSOMES FUSE WITH THE VACUOLE TO KILL THE PATHOGEN
PHAGOCYTES CAN INGEST PATHOGENS IN THE BLOOD
LYMPHOCYTES
CELLS IN THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM THAT RECOGNIZE SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
SOME LYMPHOCYTES ARE IN THE BLOOD AND SOME ARE IN LYMPH NODES
CAN EITHER BE B-LYMPHOCYTES OR T-LYMPHOCYTES
THERE ARE MANY B-LYMPHOCYTES THAT EACH PRODUCE A SPECIFIC ANTIBODY
THE PATHOGEN THAT HAS ENTERED THE BODY IS INGESTED BY A MICROPHAGE.
THE ANTIGENS OF THE PATHOGENS ARE THEN DISPLAYED ON THE SURFACE OF THE MICROPHAGE.
T-CELLS HAVE RECEPTORS THAT WHEN BINDED TO THE ANTIGENS ON THE MICROPHAGE, THEY BECOME ACTIVE
ACTIVE T-CELLS BIND TO B-CELLS THAT HAVE THE SAME ANTIBODY RECEPTOR
ACTIVATED B-CELLS DIVIDE BY MITOSIS TO MAKE CLONES OF THEMSELVES TO BE SUFFICIENT TO PRODUCE THE SAME TYPE OF ANTIBODY
THIS ALLOWS RAPID PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES
ANTIGENS
ANTIGENS ARE THE ONES FOUND ON THE PATHOGEN AND ARE RECOGNIZED BY LYMPHOCYTES
ANTIGENS ARE MOSTLY PROTEINS OR GLYCOPROTEINS ON THE OUTER SURFACE OF PATHOGENS
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO AN ANTIGEN IS TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES
ANTIGENS ON A ERYTHROCYTES (BLOOD CELL) CAN STIMULATE ANTIBODY PRODUCTION WHEN TRANSFUSED
IMMUNITY
THE ABILITY TO ELIMINATE AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE FROM THE BODY
IT IS DUE TO MEMORY CELLS
MEMORY CELLS ARE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL LYMPHOCYTES THAT ARE CAPABLE OF MAKING THE SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES NEEDED TO FIGHT THE INFECTION
MEMORY CELLS ARE MADE FROM B-CELLS
HIV
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION
EXCHANGE OF BODY FLUIDS
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
SEX
PREGNANCY
IMMUNODEFICIENCY IS A STATE IN WHICH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM'S CAPACITY TO FIGHT INFECTION IS COMPROMISED OR ABSENT
HIV IS A RETROVIRUS THAT INFECTS T-CELLS
THE VIRUS INSERTS ITS GENOME IN THE HOST CELL AND BEGIND REPRODUCING ITSELF
THIS KILLS T-CELLS WHICH CAUSES NO ANTIBODIES TO BE PRODUCED AND LOWERED IMMUNITY
WHEN ENOUGH T-CELLS DIED, THIS IS CALLED AIDS
ANTIBIOTICS
ANTIBIOTICS KILL THE GROWTH OF MICROBES BY TARGETING PROKARYOTIC METABOLISM
BECAUSE VIRUSES DO NOT POSSESS A METABOLISM, AND INSTEAD USE THE HOST'S MACHINERY, ANTIBIOTICS DO NOT WORK
SOME STRAINS OF BACTERIA HAVE EVOLVED WITH GENES THAT CONFER RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS
GENES MAY CONFER RESISTANCE BY ENCODING TRAITS THAT DEGRADE THE ANTIBIOTIC
EVOLUTION OF MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE HAPPENS BECAUSE GENES CAN BE PASSED FROM ONE SPECIES OF BACTERIA TO ANOTHER
ZOONOSES
INFECTIOUS DISEASE THAT CAN BE TRANSMITTED FROM OTHER SPECIES TO HUMANS
TUBERCOLOSIS
CONSUMPTION OF RAW MILK
RABIES
DIRECT CONTACT WITH ANIMAL
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
CONTACT AND INFECTED MOSCQUITOES THAT ACT AS A INTERMEDIATE SPECIES
VACCINES
SUBSTANCE THAT IS INTRODUCED TO THE BODY TO CONFER LONG-TERM IMMUNITY AGAINST A SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE
VACCINES CONTAIN ANTIGENS OR NUCLEIC ACIDS WITH SEQUENCES THAT CODE FOR ANTIGENS
MEMORY CELLS ARE MADE WHEN THE VACCINE IS INJECTED
WHEN THE ACTUAL PATHOGEN ENTERS, DISEASE SYMPTOMS DO NOT DEVELOP
HERD IMMUNITY
MAJORITY OF A POPULATION DEVELOPS IMMUNITY TO A PATHOGEN AND SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES THE RISK OF TRANSMISSION BETWEEN NON-IMMUNE INDIVIDUALS
