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27. INTEGRATION OF BODY SYSTEMS - Coggle Diagram
27. INTEGRATION OF BODY SYSTEMS
SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
COORDINATION OF ORGAN SYSTEMS IS NEEDED FOR COMPONENT PARTS TO COLLECTIVELY PERFORM AN OVERALL FUNCTION
EMERGENT PROPERTIES ARISE WHEN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS PRODUCE NEW FUNCTIONALITIES
FOR EXAMPLE, INTEGRATION OF BODY SYSTEMS MAKES A CHEETAH AN EFFECTIVE PREDATOR
COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL
MATERIALS AND ENERGY ARE TRANSPORTED BETWEEN ORGANS BY THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (BLOOD)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVE CELLS THAT TRANSMIT ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPULSES
SPECIFIC LOCALISED TARGETS
SHORT DURATION EFFECT
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE GLANDS THAT RELEASE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS
HORMONES ACT ON DISTANT TARGET CELLS
LONGER DURATION EFFECT
BRAIN
THE BRAIN PROCESSES INFORMATION THAT CAN BE STORED (MEMORY) WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR LEARNING.
PROCESSING INFORMATION MAY RESULT IN SIGNALS BEING SENT TO MUSCLES OR GLANDS TO CARRY OUT A RESPONSE
THE CEREBELLUM CONTROLS SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND BALANCE
THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS HORMONAL SECRETION VIA THE PITUITARY GLAND
NERVE STRUCTURE
NERVES ARE BUNDLES OF FIBRES WITH A PROTECTIVE SHEATH
NERVE CELLS ARE PROTECTED BY MYELIN SHEATH AND SCHWANN CELLS
REFLEX ARC
A REFLEX ACTION IS A RAPID, INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE TO A SPECIFIC STIMULUS.
SYNAPSES FOR PAIN REFLEX ARE IN THE SPINAL CORD
RECEPTOR CELLS PERCEIVE THE STIMULUS. THE HAND TOUCHES A HOT OBJECT THROUGH NERVE ENDINGS OF SENSORY NEURONS
SENSORY NEURONS RECEIVE SIGNALS AND PASS THE NERVE IMPULSES TO THE BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD
INTERNEURONS ARE LOCATED IN THE GREY MATTER OF THE BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD AND RECEIVE THE SIGNAL FROM THE SENSORY NEURONS AND TAKE A DECISION
MOTOR NEURONS RECEIVE SIGNALS VIA SYNAPSES WITH INTERNEURONS. THE IMPULSE THEN LEADS TO THE CNS
EFFECTORS CARRY OUT THE RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS WHEN THEY RECEIVE THE SIGNAL FROM THE MOTOR NEURON.
CONSCIOUS VS. UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES
CONSCIOUS PROCESSES
VOLUNTARY - CONTROLLABLE THROUGH THOUGHT
CONTROLLED BY CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
ONLY HAPPEN WHEN AWAKE
UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES
INVOLUNTARY - NO CONTROL THROUGH THOUGHT
CONTROLLED BY THE CNS
CAN HAPPEN EVEN ASLEEP
SENSE PERCEPTION
RECEPTOR CELLS ARE LOCATED ON SENSE ORGANS (SKIN) AND DETECT CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
RECEPTOR CELLS THEN PASS INFO TO SENSORY NEURONS
SENSORY NEURONS THEN PASS ON THE MESSAGE TO THE CNS
MOTOR NEURONS
STRIATED MUSCLES ARE ATTACHED TO BONES AND IT IS USED FOR MOVEMENT
MOTOR NEURONS FOUND IN THE BRAIN RECEIVE SIGNALS FROM INTERNEURONS
THIS CAUSES A DOMINO EFFECT UNTIL ONE OF THE MOTOR NEURONS IS ATTACHED TO A STRIATED MUSCLE TO STIMULATE CONTRACTION
CIRCADIAN RYTHMS
MELATONIN IS A HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE PINEAL GLAND USED FOR SYNCHRONISING CIRCADIAN RYTHMS
IT IS RELEASED WHEN ITS DARK (HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS AT NIGHT)
LIGHT EXPOSURE INHIBITS MELATONIN SECRETION, CAUSING US TO WAKE UP
ADRENALINE
INCREASED HEART RATE
LUMES OF ARTERIES FOR MUSCLES WIDEN TO CARRY MORE BLOOD
STRIATED MUSCLE FIBRES CONVERT GLYCOGEN TO GLUCOSE
BRONCHIOLES IN THE LUNGS DILATE
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK OF HEART RATE
HAPPENS IF BLOOD PRESSURE, PH OR OXYGEN IS LOW
AS A RESULT, THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA COORDINATES RESPONSES TO CAUSE CHANGES IN HEART RATE AND STROKE VOLUME
CHEMORECEPTORS MONITOR BLOOD PH AND CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN AND CO2
BARORECEPTORS MONITOR BLOOD PRESSURE
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK OF VENTILATION RATE
IF CELL RESPIRATION RATE IN THE BODY INCREASE, CO2 CONCENTRATION OF THE BLOOD RISES, MAKING PH FALL (EXERCISE)
CHEMORECEPTORS IN THE BRAINSTEM MONITOR THE OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
CHEMORECEPTORS SIGNAL THE BRAINSTEM, WHICH THEREFORE CAUSES THE DIAPHRAGM AND INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES TO CONTRACT
PERISTALSIS
WAVE OF CONTRACTION IN THE WALL OF THE GUT THAT MOVES FOOD DOWN
THESE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS ARE CONTROLLED BY THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ENS)
THIS IS AN INVOLUNTARY PROCESSES SO DOES NOT RECQUIRE THE CNS
TROPISM
TROPISM ARE THE DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH RESPONSES TO A DIRECTIONAL STIMULI
POSITIVE PHOTOTROPISM IS THE GROWTH MOVEMENT OF A PLANT IN RESPONSE TO A UNIDIRECTIONAL LIGHT SOURCE
LIGHT RECEPTORS CAUSES REDISTRIBUTION OF AUXIN TO THE DARK SIDE OF THE PLANT
AUXIN PROMOTES CELL GROWTH AND ELONGATION OF THE SHADED CELLS
THIS CAUSES BENDING TOWARDS THE SOURCE OF LIGHT
PHYTOHORMONES
PHYTOHORMONES ARE SIGNALLING CHEMICALS THAT REGULATE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES
AUXINS PROMOTE PRIMARY AND DIRECTIONAL GROWTH
IT CAN DIFFUSE IN CELLS BUT NOT OUT
AUXIN EFFLUX CARRIERS CAN BE POSITIONED IN A CELL MEMBRANE
AUXIN CAN BE ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED FROM CELL TO CELL THROUGH THE PLANT TISSUE TO BALANCE CONCENTRATIONS
IT PROMOTES H ION SECRETION IN THE APOPLAST , ACIDIFYING THE WALL AND LOOSENING CROSS LINKS BETWEEN CELLULOSE TO FACILITATE CELL ELONGATION
CYTOKININS PROMOTES CELL DIVISION
ETHYLENE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RIPENING AND LONGEVITY
CAUSES POSITIVE FEEDBACK
ETHYLENE CAUSES RIPENING AND RIPENING CAUSES MORE ETHYLENE TO BE RELEASED
THIS ALLOWS THE RIPENING PROCESS TO BE RAPID AND NOT PROLONGED
AUXIN VS CYTOKININ
ROOT TIPS PRODUCE CYTOKININ WHICH GOES TO THE SHOOT (TOP)
SHOOT TIPS PRODUCE AUXIN WHICH IS TRANSPORTED TO ROOTS (BOTTOM)