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World War 1, Post WWI - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Expanding its military after it was unified in 1871. Kaiser put a lot of emphasis on making a rival navy to Britains. Germany's aggression to build a strong military made other nations feel threatened
    - - Britain traditionally relied on its strong Navy to protect the empire. As Germany was investing a lot into the Navy to rival Britains, Britain continued to heavily invest in it. Was scared of being overpowered by Germany at sea. British militarism was defensive, but still contributed to the Tensions in Europe
    - - Driven by desire for revenge after the Franco-Prussian War, and the fear of another German invasion. This lead to reforms in the military, and making a large, well-trained army through mandatory conscription
    - - Had a very big army, but was very outdated. Bad at mobilizing, and the Nation felt it had to protect the Slavic Nations.
    - - Relied on militarism, and strong armed forces to maintain control over their empire, after the assassination, AH wanted war to uphold prestige. AH leaders were using militarism to prevent the fallout of the Nation
  - - - Because of the split, after the assassination, instead of a small war in the Balkans, all of the major powers joined the war due to military commitments
- - - - The U-boat Strategy eventually brought the US into the war
  - - - Agriculture fell by 70%
  - - - Entered War as constitutional monarchy with 3 main branches
      - Rising tensions between fascists and socialists deepened to due to failure to win and an unstable economy
      - Within two weeks of the final battle, people were advocating for change
        
        The chancellor declared the Kaiser's abdication without the consent of the monarch who had fled to Dutch exile, the Social Democratic Party took charge, and proclaimed the German republic
    - - The weak duality of power, a rise in nationalism and socialism, economic instability, starvation, military loss and frustration, the Spanish flu, and the push for independence led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
    - - Entered the war having lost significant territory in Europe
      - Weak due to lack of unity
      - Late Ottoman Genocide against Armenian, Assyrian, and Greek citizens
        
        Military defeat was the final blow in the Empire crumbling. Having lost the majority of its christian voters who lived in the Balkans, the government tried to make concessions to the now Arab majority who would move into a position of power and maintain de facto control fro the duration of the war
    - - Bulgaria lost more men per capita than any other nation involved in the war.
        
        Poor weather, and loss of population meant a cut of grain production in half
        
        Towns suffered from food shortage and inflation
        
        Women's riots for food began in 1917 and continued till the end of the war
        
        September 15, 1918 allied forces on Macedonian front broke through Bulgarian lines, and their army Dissolved
        
        Army returned home and revolted in the streets against the Tsar
        
        September 29, and Tsar Ferdinand abdicated in favour of his son and fled the country
- - - - October-November 1914 First Battle of Ypres
        
        Costly and inconclusive battle in western Flanders, Belgium, marking the end of the "Race to the Sea"
        
        By November, both sides were exhausted, and the front line of fortified trenches were established
        
        May 1915 German U-Boat sinks Lusitania
        
        June 1915 Italy Launches Isonzo Offensive
        
        December 1915 Allies evacuate troops from Gallipoli
        
        February - December 1916 Battle of Verdun
        
        German troops attacking the French city of Verdun
        
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        July - November 1916 Battle of the Somme
        
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        Marked the end of the Gallipoli campaign, one of the most ambitious and disastrous campaigns of the war as it aimed to know the Ottoman empire out of the war to create a supply rout between France and Russia
        
        It was a mess for Britain, poor planning and logistical issues meant heavy loses of men, and contributed to the resignation of Winston Churchill
        
        It lead to political disagreement and dissatisfaction over allied coordination
        
        Italy's first major military action in WWI on the Allies side
        
        The attack along the Isonzo River started a series of brutal battles between Italy and Austria-Hungary
        
        Increased Italian Pride and Ambition in the war
        
        For Austria-Hungary all this conflict did was add more strain to their already overstretched military forces.
        
        Sinking signified a shift towards total war, as civillians and non-military targets were now at risk
        
        Germany saw the sinking as a blow to British moral and shipping
        
        Germany justified it by saying that they had warned civilians not to travel in war zones
        
        Britain played into the victim narrative, using it as another propaganda tool to make Germany the villian
        
        The US was now very angry because American citizens were killed in the war, while the US didn't join the war for 2 more year, it made American citizens dislike Germany
      - First Battle of Marne
        
        Allies pulled back to Paris
        
        This shortened supply and communication line for allies, but increased it for the Germans, meaning the Germans got weaker as they advanced
        
        Due to the space Germany was leaving behind them, the Belgian Resistance had time to form a new Army
        
        Allies defeated oncoming German Troops, foiling the Schleifen plan
      - Race to the Sea
        
        Germany and Britain Navies trying to outflank each other
        
        Operations stretched from English channel to Alps
    - - Series of Offences by French, part of plan XVII
      - Countered by German 6th and 7th armies
      - Gaps in French Army - German groups took advantage, encircled them and won the battle
      - 200,000 injured, 75,000 dead
  - - - It eventually failed because Germany greatly underestimated Belgiums ability to fight, holding Germany up and slowing their roll into France
- - - - This lead to health issues in soldiers such as trenchfoot
    - - Highlighting how machine guns changed the nature of combat from movement based warfare to positional based warfare
  - - - commanders over relied on artillery barrages often negatively impacting their own troops chances of success
      - Emphasizes the strategic and psychological dimensions of Artillery
      - Artillery defined WWI by the mindset of industrial warfare
  - - - Mustard gas was most common and would burn skin and lungs, it alos lingered in the soil for days after usage
    - - Soldiers had to constantly wear gas masks, adding to the dystopian vibes of the war, degrading their mental health
    - - Reflects the humanitarian and ethical lense of WWI. emphasizing the fear and terror chemical warfare caused
- - - - Middle class families of Europe were hit exceptionally hard
    - - Now disruption in free trade of around 50 million inhabitants
        
        Each country tried to build their economies independently, with high tariffs
- - - - Wilsons 14 points - A proposal made by U.S. President Woodrows Wilson in a speech before Congress on January 8, 1918
        
        Open diplomacy without secret treaties
        
        Economic Free trade on the seas during war and peace
        
        Equal trade conditions
        
        Decrease armaments among all nations
        
        Adjust colonial claims
        
        Evacuation of all Central powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence
        
        Belgium to be evacuated and restored
        
        Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories
        
        Readjust Italian borders
        
        Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination
        
        Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Roumania, Serbia, and Montenegro
        
        Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles
        
        Creation of an independent polish state
        
        Creation of the League of Nation
    - - Wanted a harsh settlement for Germany
      - A permanently weakened Germany
      - Reparations for french losses
      - To maintain good relations with US and Britain for future French security
      - For France to regain Alsace and Lorraine
    - - Germany should lose its Navy and colonies, and no longer threaten the British Empire.
      - Germany should also be able to economically recover and be able to trade again with Britain
      - Politically Germany must be a bulwark against the spread of Communism from the bolshevik Russia
  - - - The goal was to create a system of collective security to prevent further wars through diplomacy and cooperation
      - first major attempt at an international peacekeeping Organization
      - Laid the groundwork for later institutions like the UN after WWI
      - Historians say the league represented a "radical step towards international governance" reflecting th idealism of the post-war movement
    - - Germany was forced to accept all responsibilities for the war due to the war guilt clause in article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, and had to pay billions in reparations
        
        Destroyed Germany's economy, directly lead to hyperinflation in 1932
        
        Created a sense of resentment and nationalism within Germany, which hitler later exposed in the 1930's