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Chapter 6: A tour of the Cell - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 6: A tour of the Cell
Microscopes and Biochemistry
Microscopy
Microscopes
Scanning Electron Microscope
Definition:
Uses electrons to provide a 3D image of the specimen
Transmission Electron Microscope
Definition:
Uses electrons to view the internal structure of cells
Light Microscope
Definition:
Passes visible light through a specimen and glass lenses
Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Definition: Allows preservation of specimens at very low temperatures
Magnification
Definition: The ration of an object's image size to its real size
Resolution
Definition: The measure of the clarity of the image
Contrast
Definition: Visible differences in brightness between parts of the object
Definition: Used to visualize cells
Cell Fractionation
Definition:
Takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another
Centrifuge
Definition: Fractionates cells into their component parts
Eukaryotic Cells
Genetic Instruction
Definition: In the nucleus, carried out by ribosomes
Definition:
Have membrane-bound organelles, larger than prokaryotes, complex cells
Characteristics
Nucleus
Definition: Bound in a double membrane where DNA is found
Nuclear Envelope
Definition: Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear Lamina
Definition: Maintains the shape of the nucleus
Nucleolus
Definition: Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Definition: DNA molecule associated with proteins
Cytoplasm
Between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Flagellum
Definition: Microtubule-containing extensions projected from some cells
Microvilli
Definition: Increases surface area and absorption of substances
Peroxisome
Definition: Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane, contains enzymes that hold various functions
Ribosome
Definition: Uses the DNA to make proteins
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough
Definition: Secretes glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles
Glycoproteins
Definition: Proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates
Transport vesicles
Definition: Secretory proteins surrounded by membranes
Smooth
Definition: Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions
Definition: Accounts for more than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells
Golgi Apparatus
Definition: Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
Lysosome
Definition: Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digests macromolecules
Phagocytosis
Definition: Process where cells eat larger particles
Autophagy
Definition: Recycles the cell's organelles and macromolecules
Vacuole
Definition: Performs a variety of functions in various cells
Food
Definition: Formed by phagocytosis
Contractile
Definition: Pumps excess water out of cells
Central
Definition: Plant cell's main repository of inorganic ions
Kingdoms
Plantae
Cell wall
Definition: Distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
Protista
Definition: Uncategorized organisms, unicellular
Fungi
Definition: Heterotrophs, closely related to animalia
Animalia
Extracellular matrix
Definition: Similar to cell walls
Mitochondria
Definition:
Site of cellular respiration in both animal and plant cells
Examples
All eukaryotes exclusively have mitochondria
Cristae
Definition: Smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded together
Cytoskeleton
Definition: Supports the cell and maintains its shape
Main Fibers
Microtubules
Definition: Cell motility, chromosome and organelle movements
Centrosome
Definition: Organizes cytoskeleton and cell shape
Centrioles
Definition: Organizes microtubules
Microfilaments
Definition: Changes in cell shape
Actin
Definition: Twisted double chain
Intermediate filaments
Definition: Supports cell shape and fixes organelles in place
Motor proteins
Definition: Produces cell motility
Extracellular Components
Definition:
Components found outside of the cell
Cell wall
Distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
Extracellular matrix
Definition: Similar to cell walls
Connections between cells
Tight junctions
Definition:
Neighboring cells pressed together
Gap junctions
Definition:
Communicating junctions
Plasmodesmata
Definition: Channels that connect plant cells
Desmosomes
Definition: Fastens cells together
Chloroplasts
Definition:
Site of photosynthesis in plant cells
Example: All plants exclusively have chloroplast
Thylakoid
Definition: Membranous sacs that form a granum
Stroma
Definition: Internal fluid
Plastids
Definition: Group of plant organelles
Prokaryotic Cells
Definition: No membrane-bound organelles, smaller and simpler
Characteristics
No nucleus
Nucleoid
Definition: Unbound region where DNA is found
Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane
Definition: Selective barrier that allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
Cytosol
Definition: Water and dissolved molecules
Kingdoms
Bacteria
Definition: Unicellular organisms
Archaea
Definition: organisms that live in extreme environments
Endosymbiont Theory
Definition: Theory that suggests an early ancestor of eukaryotes consumed a non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell
Example: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria which led to this theory