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Approaches to Psychology, Key Assumption, Studies investigating influence…

- - - - Ps. shown pictures of either faces or animals. 2. Then shown the 'rat-man'. 3. Ps. who animals saw rat, and Ps. who saw faces saw man.
    - - Standardised Procedure(replicable)
      - High ecological validity
    - - Artificial
        
        Lab experiment.
      - Potential demand characteristics
  - - - Machine reductionism
    - - Lacks ecological validity
  - - - Understanding disorders
      - AI
      - Legal System
      - Therapy(CBT)
    - - Controllable
      - Replicable
      - Reliable
- - - - Reality Principle
    - - Sense of right and wrong
      - Punishes ego for wrongdoing
    - - Operates on the pleasure principle
      - Selfish and demands instant gratification
  - - - Puberty-Death
      - Seek sexual partners
    - - 3-5 Years
      - Pleasure from genitals
        
        Penis Envy
        
        Oedipus Complex
    - - 2-3 Years
      - Pleasure from bowel movement
    - - 6-Puberty
      - Focus on developing life skills
    - - 0-2 Years
      - Infant experiences pleasure through their mouth (e.g. sucking mother's breast)
  - - - Influenced other fields
      - Led to psychotherapy
      - Emphasises childhood experiences
      - Provides a complex, holistic model
      - Highlights the unconscious mind
    - - Reliance on case studies
      - Subjectivity of interpretation
      - Unscientific and unfalsifiable
      - Deterministic
      - Overemphasis on sex
- - - - 1.(Bottom) Physiological needs, such as food, water, shelter, etc.
        
        Safety and security, such as health, employment, social stability, etc.
        
        Love and belonging, such as friendship, family, intimacy, etc.
        
        Self-esteem, such as confidence, achievement, respect of others, etc.
        5.(Top) Self-actualisation, such as morality, creativity, acceptance, etc.
  - - - Increases validity
  - - - Favours individualist cultures
- - - - No free will
    - - Humans are not unique
    - - Should be used in combination
    - - little applicability to day-to-day life
  - - - Cause and effect relationships
      - Credibility
    - - Complex machinery allows accurate and precise measurements
- - - - Children are exposed to many complex influences
- - - - Repeated exposure leads to a learned and uncontrollable behaviour.
      - Strengths
        
        Controlled
        
        Reliable
        
        Applicable to humans
      - Dog experiment
      - Limitations
        
        Limited Applicability
        
        Ignores other factors(biological, cognitive)
        
        Ethical issues
  - - - Rat/pigeon experiment
        
        Rat is hungry and explores.
        
        By chance, it pushes lever.
        
        Food appears!
        
        Lever pulled again, expecting food.
      - Reinforcement
        
        Reward
        
        Punishment
      - Strengths
        
        Applicable
        
        Education
        
        Therapy
        
        Parenting
        
        Reliable and Replicable
      - Limitations
        
        Ignores cognitive processes
        
        Ethical issues