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Cassava - Coggle Diagram
Cassava
Animal feed
Pellets: Dried cassava chips/pellets, widely used in livestock feed (pigs, poultry, cattle).
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Plant profile
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• Common Names: Cassava, Yuca, Manioc, Tapioca, Mandioca, Bankye (Ghana), Mogo (East Africa), Balue (SE Asia)
• Growth Type: Woody shrub, perennial.
Plant morphology
Roots: Tuberous storage roots, primary economic part, cylindrical with varying sizes and shapes.
• Stem: Erect, branching, woody, with prominent leaf scars.
• Leaves: Palmate (hand-shaped) with 3−9 lobes, often dark green above, lighter below. Used as a vegetable in some regions.
• Flowers: Small, unisexual, borne on racemes.
Varieties & types
Sweet Cassava: Lower in cyanogenic glucosides, generally can be consumed after less processing (e.g., boiling).
• Bitter Cassava: Higher in cyanogenic glucosides, requiring extensive processing (grating, soaking, fermenting, drying,
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• Cultivar Diversity: Thousands of local landraces and improved varieties with varying characteristics (yield, disease
resistance, starch content, cyanide levels).
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates: Predominantly starch (very high, 80% of dry matter), making it a major energy source.
• Low Protein: Very low (1−2%), making it a poor protein source.
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• Fiber: Moderate, depending on preparation.
Micronutrients
• Vitamins: Vitamin C (moderate), Folate (low), some B-vitamins (low).
• Minerals: Potassium (moderate), Calcium (low), Iron (low, but varies by cultivar and soil).
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Health benefits
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• Gluten-Free: Naturally gluten-free, suitable for celiac diets.
• Resistant Starch: Especially in unprocessed or lightly cooked forms, can contribute to gut health.
Food products
• Fresh Roots: Boiled, fried, roasted, mashed (e.g., Yuca Frita, Fufu, Eba).
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o Gari: Fermented, grated, dewatered, and roasted cassava flour (staple in West Africa).
o Unfermented Flour: Used in baking (gluten-free), thickening agents.
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o Pearls/Granules: Tapioca pearls (for bubble tea, puddings).
o Thickener: For soups, sauces, gravies.
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• Leaves: Cooked as a leafy green vegetable in some regions (e.g., Africa, Southeast Asia), rich in protein and vitamins when
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• Fermented Products: Fufu (West Africa), Chakka (India), Cassareep (condiment).
• Alcoholic Beverages: Chicha (South America), various beers/spirits.
Industrial applications
• Bioethanol: Major feedstock for biofuel production, especially in Southeast Asia.
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o Adhesives: Paper, packaging.
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o Pharmaceuticals: Binders, disintegrants.
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Growing conditions
Climate: Tropical and subtropical, warm temperatures (25−30∘C), tolerates dry conditions.
• Soil: Wide adaptability, prefers well-drained, sandy loams; tolerates poor soils, acid soils.
• Water: Drought tolerant, but yields increase with adequate rainfall.
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