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Yeraldin Grano Period 3 Skeletal system - Coggle Diagram
Yeraldin Grano Period 3 Skeletal system
Names of all bones
Patella
: Knee
Femur
: Thigh
Frontal
: Forehead
Phalanges
: Fingers/toes
Carpal
: Wrist
Tarsal
: Ankle
Metacarpal
: palm
Ulna/radius
: Forearm
Pelvic
: Hip
Humerus
: Arm
Tibia/Fibula
: Calf/shin
Metatarsal
: sole
Vertabrea
: Spin
Sternum
: Breast bone
Scapula
: Shoulder blade
Zygomatic
: Cheek bone
Mandible
: Lower Jaw
Occipital
: Back of head
Maxilla
:upper jaw
Clavicle
: collar bone
Types of bones
Long Bones:
They are more long than wide and are limb bones
Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
Flat bones:
These are thin, flat, and slightly curved
Sternum, scapula, ribs,and most of the bones in the skull
Short Bones:
These bones can vary in size and number in different people. They are cubed-shaped and sesamoid bones that form within the tendons.
Carpla, Talus, patella
Irregular bones:
Have complicated shapes
Vertebrae and hip bones
Anatomy of the long bone
Long bones contain a shaft which is called diaphysis and a bone end that is called epiphses, and lastly a membrane.
Diaphysis:
A shaft that forms the long axis of the bone. It is made up of compact bone that is surronding the central medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow.
Epiphyses:
Is the ends of the bone that is made up of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally, then the articular cartilage covers articular surfaces like joints. There is a epiphyseal line between the diaphyses and the epiphyses and the epiphyseal plate is where bone growth occurs
Membrane:
There is two types the perioseum and the endosteum.
Endosteum -
They cover the trabeculae of the spongy bone and lines up the canels taht pass through the compact bone. They cover the internal bone surface. They also contain osteocenic cells to differetate into other bone cells
Periosteum -
It is white and double layered and its job is to cover the external surfaces except the joints. They contain a lot of nerve ribers and blood vessels and are the anchoring points for tendons and ligaments.
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
:Cells of bone tissue
Osteogenic cells:
In periostuem and endosteum, they are mitically active. The cells differentate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells when stimulated
Osteoblasts:
They are actively active. They are called osteoid when the bone-forming cells secrete unmineralized bone matrix. This osteoid is made up of collagen and calcium binding proteins.
Osteocytes:
They are mature bone cells located in the lacunae that can no longer be divided. Act as a stress or strain sensor to maintain the bone
Bone-lining cells:
Are flat cells on the surface of the bone that helps maintain the matrix with the help of osteocytes
Osteoclasts:
The stem cells become macrophages from the same derived hematopoitic stem cells. They are big multinuclate cells that have the function to break down the bone. They are located in resorptions when active. The cells increase surface areas for enzyme by the ruffled boreders they have and also help seal off areas from the surronding matrix.
Bone remodeling
- Occurs at the surface of the periosteum and endosteum
Bone deposite:
When the new bone matrix is deposited thanks to the osteoblasts
Bone resorption:
Osteoclast is the function of it. They break down the matrix while the big depression and groves. Enzymes and protons are secrete by digested marix
Bone fracture repair
- Includes reduction and realignment of broken ends. Reapired in 4 major steps.
Fibrocartilage callus formation:
It grows into the hemotoma and the phagocytic cells clear the debris. The fibroblast secret collogen fibers to span that break and broken bones and also start reconstruction the bone along with ostegenic cells.
Bony callus formation:
New trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus every week. The callus is connected to the bony callus of the spongy bone and the formation keeps going for two months intill full firm.
Hematoma Formation:
When torn blookd vessels hemorhage and form mass blood clotting. The injury is swollen, painful, and also inflamed
Bone remodeling:
The bony callus formation keeps going for a couple several months during the begining. This is when all the excess material on the diaphysis and medullary cavity are removed. This is when the compact bone is laid down to create a shaft wall and the final structure finaly looks like the original structure.
Joints
It allows the skeleton mobitity to be able to hold the skeleton together from the sites where two bones meet. There is two califications called Structural and Functional.
Functional:
There is also three types for this one but it is based on the movements that the joints allow. Which is the synarthroses which is were it is immovable joints, then there is ampiarthroses where slightly movable joints, and lastly it is the Diarthroses where joints are freely movable.
Structural:
There is three of these types that is based on the type of material that binds joints and wheather the cavity is present or not. It is the fibrous, Cartilage, and the synovial ones.
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
seperate the bones by the fluid-filling joint cavity. All of the include the limb joints and are freely movable. There is six general feautures and six different movements that have bursae and tendons sheaths associated with them.
Joint cavity
: This one is unique to the synovial joints because it is small and fluid-filled potential space
Articular capsule:
located in the inner synovial memebrane that makes synovial fluid. It is a dense irregular connective tissue that is only two layers thick
Articular cartilage
- prevents the ends of the bones from crushing and it is made up of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of the bones.
Synovial fluid
: It conatins phagoytic cells inorder to remove microbes and debris. It is viscous and slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
6.
Nervous and Blood vessels:
The nerves detact the pain and monitor the joints position and their stretch. Also the capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid.
The different types of reinforcing ligaments
- There is Extracapsular that is outside the casule and the intracapsular that is deep into the capsula and is covered by the synovial membrane. Lastly there is teh capsular that is the thickened part of fibrous layer.
male and female skeleton
- You can mainly tell if the bones belongs to a male or female by checking the pelvis. In the pelvis the female parts are usually bigger and also wider. While the guys are usually smaller and more narrow.
Disorder/Diseases
- Created by an imbalance between bone deposit and bone resorption. There is 3 major types of them.
Osteoporosis:
It is a group of diseases that the bone resorption exceeds the deposite. The bone mass declines but the matrix remains the same. This affects mostly older women after menopause.
Paget's Disease:
Causes the bones to grow fast and develope poorly because of excessive and haphazard. There is a high ratio from spongy to compact bone which reduces mineralization.
Osteomalacia and Rickets:
Osteomalacia
is when the bones are poorly mineralized which causes there to be weak spot on the bones and pain from bearing all the weight. They are poorly mineralized because the osteoids produced but not the calcium salt that are not afequately deposited.
Rcikets
creates a bowed leg and bone deformites since the bone ends start to emerage and become abnorally long.