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Endocrine - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine
Adrenal Crisis Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
Pathophysiology: Not enough cortisol and aldosterone causes low blood pressure, low blood sugar, and electrolyte imbalance
Assessment Findings: Severe low blood pressure, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, low sodium, high potassium
Treatment: Intravenous hydrocortisone, aggressive fluids, correct electrolyte imbalances, treat underlying cause
Other Info: Can occur in patients with Addison disease or after sudden steroid withdrawal
Thyroid Storm
Pathophysiology: Severe overactive thyroid causes excessive thyroid hormone and hypermetabolic state
Assessment Findings: Fever, fast heart rate, high blood pressure, agitation, tremors, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Treatment: Beta blockers, antithyroid medications such as PTU or methimazole, supportive care, cooling measures
Other Info: Often triggered by infection, surgery, or trauma in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State HHS
Pathophysiology: Severe high blood sugar without significant ketones leads to osmotic diuresis and extreme dehydration
Assessment Findings: Extreme thirst, increased urination, profound dehydration, confusion, possible seizures
Treatment: Aggressive intravenous fluids, insulin therapy, correct electrolytes, monitor vital signs and kidney function
Other Info: More common in type 2 diabetes, slower onset than DKA, high risk of death
Hypoglycemia
Pathophysiology: Low blood sugar below 70 mg/dL caused by too much insulin, missed meals, or increased activity
Assessment Findings: Shakiness, sweating, pale skin, confusion, irritability, seizures, unconsciousness
Treatment: Oral glucose if alert, intravenous dextrose or glucagon if unconscious, monitor blood sugar closely
Other Info: Rapid recognition is critical to prevent brain injury
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Pathophysiology: Lack of insulin leads to high blood sugar, ketone production, and metabolic acidosis
Assessment Findings: Increased urination, excessive thirst, dehydration, fruity breath, deep rapid breathing, nausea, vomiting, altered mental status
Treatment: Intravenous fluids, insulin therapy, electrolyte replacement especially potassium, monitor glucose and ketones
Other Info: Often triggered by infection, missed insulin dose, or stress
Myxedema Coma
Pathophysiology: Severe underactive thyroid leads to decreased metabolism, low body temperature, and low breathing
Assessment Findings: Low body temperature, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, lethargy, low blood sugar, swelling
Treatment: Intravenous thyroid hormone replacement, supportive care including fluids, warming, ventilatory support, treat underlying cause
Other Info: Rare but life threatening, usually occurs in elderly patients with untreated hypothyroidism
Pheochromocytoma Crisis
Pathophysiology: Tumor secretes too much catecholamine causing severe high blood pressure and fast heart rate
Assessment Findings: Sudden severe headache, palpitations, sweating, high blood pressure, anxiety
Treatment: Alpha blockers first, then beta blockers, surgical removal of tumor
Other Info: Rare but life threatening, avoid beta blockers without alpha blockade first