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EARTH AND THE UNIVERSE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - UNITS:
        MASS- measure of matter (Weight measures force of mass) (kg)
        LENGTH- measure of distance (METER)
        TIME- progress of existence (S) (MA-geology)
        TEMPERATURE- measure of kinetic energies of atoms and molecules in substance (K-KELVIN)
        
        Geology PREFIXES: -Giga (G) -MEGA (M) -KILO (k) -Deci (d)
        
        Centi (c) Milli (m) Micro (u) Nano (n)
        
        DENSITY- Mass/Volume (KG)/M3 (P)
        FORCE- push or pull on object (N- NEWTONS)
        VELOCITY- Change in distance PER TIME (m/s)
        ACCELERATION- Change in velocity per time (m/s2)
        ENERGY- Capacity to do work (J-JOULES)
- - - - 3) Recombination: 380,000 years after big bang, Nuclei captured electrons allowing light to pass through the universe, generating light from atoms
        
        4) First Stars: Clumps of gas grew when gravity became more dense and the production of stars with nuclear fission
        
        5) Future: Universe expansion accelerating at faster speeds believed to be caused by DARK ENERGY
  - - - Henrietta Leavitt 1912- technique to measure distances of distant stars
        
        Edwin Hubble (1924)- Combined Leavitts technique and spectroscopic red-shift data for galaxies
      - Key evidence: Expansion of the Universe
    - - Radiation predicted to be left over from the EPOCH OF RECOMBINATION (nuclei capturing electrons during cooling of universe)
    - - Nuclear Fission- Nuclei collide and combine forming larger nuclei,forming heavier elements
    - - Nebular Theory:
        
        Clouds, of hydrogen, helium, elements = Nebula
        
        Bonding atoms** forming
        molecules**
        
        Molecule clusters causing nebular collapse and heat dispersal
        
        Rotating protoplanetary disk from collapse
        
        Forming of planetesimals and protoplanets (collision and combination
        
        Orbital Debris** into planets
      - MOON- impact of earth and theia
        
        25% diameter of earth
        
        density of 3,400 kg/m3 similar to earth crust+mantle
        
        maria(dark) made of basalt, terrae(light) made of anthorosite
        
        Tilt of Earth's axis:
        remains pointed towards polaris (north star)
        angle of 66.5 with eleptic plane
        tiled 23.5 away from a right angle from plane
  - - - ROCKS
        
        Classifications: Metamorphic -> Igneous -> Sedimentary
        
        Rock cycle:
        
        Geological Change: Catastrophism VS Uniformitarianism
        
        Catastrophism: Earth's features shaped by RARE VIOLENT EVENTS
        Examples: floods, asteroids, eruptions, etc
        
        Uniformitarianism: Processes occurring overtime Examples: weathering, erosion, plate tectonics
        
        Geological Time: Relative Time and Absolute Time
        
        Relative:
        1) Original horizontality
        2) Superstition
        3) Cross-cutting relationships
        4) Inclusions
        5) Lateral Continuity
        6) Faunal Succession
        
        1)Sediment deposited in horizontal layers because of gravity
        2) Each "undisturbed layer" is younger than the layer BENEATH IT and OLDER than the LAYER ABOVE IT
        3) Sed Layers will form sheets and end in either 1) grading/transitioning to another rock type 2)Thin to nothing 3)Abut against preexisting feature/barrier
        4) Something cuts across a rock layer has to be younger than that layer
        5) Something included within something else has to be older than surrounding rock
        6) fossils appearing in a predictable order, age of rock can be determined by sequence of fossils/ assemblage
        
        Absolute:
        Dendrochronology
        Varves
        Radiometric Isotopes
        
        3 types of unconformities - gaps in time
        1) Disconformity
        2) Angular Unconformity
        3) Nonconformity
        
        Disconformity: An erosional surface bounded by parallel layers of strata
        
        surface represents hiatus in deposition
        
        Angular: layers below surface are tilted/folded, layers above parallel to unconformity
        
        Nonconformity: formed by deposition of sedimentary layers over metamorphic rock OR igneous bedrock
        INTRUSION OF IGNEOUS INTO SEDIMENTARY IS NOT NONCONFORMITY
        
        TIMESCALE- Eon, Era, Period, Epoch
        
        EONS AND ERAS
        
        Hadean (4.54 Ga-4Ga)
        -time before earliest known rocks
        
        Archean (4.0Ga-2.5Ga)
        -high heat flow +formation of crust
        -vertical to modern tectonics
        
        Proterozoic (2.5Ga-541 Ma)
        -Modern tectonics
        -before proliferation of complex life
        3 Eras:
        1)Paleoproterozoic- trans-hudson orogeny
        2) mesoproterozoic- Rodinia formation
        3)Neoproterozoic- rifting of rodinia
        
        1 more item...
        
        4 eras of Archean: 1)Eoarchean- simple single celled life
        2) Paleoarchean- oxygen producing bacteria
        3) Mesoarchean- first stromatolites
        4) Neoarchean- stabilization of modern cratons