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PIONEERS IN MODERN TEACHING, (Group 6) spencer, ROUSSEAU (Group 2), ((The…

- - - - He believed that students learn best when they are actively involved and can connect learning to real-life experiences — not just memorizing facts.
        
        "Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself"
        
        John Dewey learning theory: Experience, Engagement, Social context, democratic & Reflecting
  - - - Dewey's curriculum
        
        2nd level "broaden" students' concepts of time and space (history & geo projects)
        
        3rd level "science" students can use various subjects as resources in prob solving (bio,chem,social studies)
        
        1st level "making and doing" engaging children in projects in which they can explore their environment, creating ideas and put in in concrete form (developing sensory and motor skills) - collaborative
    - - SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO TEACHING & LEARNING:
        
        Encounters a problem
        
        Locates and defines the problem
        
        Acquires the information needed to solve the problem
        
        Constructs possible and tentative solutions
        
        Chooses and test a possible solution
  - - - **Learning by Doing**
        • Students learn better when they do activities, experiment, and solve problems, instead of only listening to teachers.
      - **Experience is Central**
        • Every experience helps students grow and build understanding for future learning.
        • Learning happens when students reflect on their experiences.
      - **Teacher’s Role**
        • Teachers should guide students, not just give answers.
        • They create situations where students can explore and discover.
      - **Connection to Real Life**
        • Education should relate to students’ daily lives and the real world, making it meaningful and useful.
      - **Democracy in Education**
        • Dewey believed schools should prepare students to be active, thinking members of society.
- - - - Systematic instruction based on sensory and practical experience.
    - - Create a warm, home-like, emotionally supportive learning environment.
  - - - Direct sensory learning
  - - - -highlight equality, team work and brain-sensory method
        
        -education based on environment and natural phenomenon
        
        -focus toward cumulative progress, gradual achievement.
    - - -it promotes self exploration and understanding
      - -problem-solving method through observation, constructive and comprehensive method
      - -applied emotional intelligence in creating a safe space for student learning
- - - - Jan Ámos Komenský/John
        Amos Comenius,(1592–1670)
        
        create educational philosophy,
        pansophism
        
        A bishop and educator
        
        concept or claim of achieving universal wisdom or knowledge
        
        believe that universally shared knowledge would overcome ethnic and religous hatred
        
        Education and Schooling
        
        Believe that cultivating universal knowledge and value promote understanding
        
        Incorporated printing press to diffuse his idea
        
        Use education to promote ethnic and religious tolerence
        
        respected religious and cultural diversity
        
        Principle of teaching and learning
        
        Apply lessons to students’ practical lives
        
        Use objects or pictures to illustrate concepts
        
        Present lessons in sequence, stressing one thing at a time
        
        Present lessons directly and simply
        
        Emphasize that all creatures and objects are part of a whole universe
        
        Emphasize general principles before details
        
        Do not leave a speciﬁc subject until students understand it completely
        
        reject child depravity doctrine - opposed children were naturally sinful and required punishment
        
        wanted teachers to be caring person
        
        warning against pressuring children - efficient when ready
        
        lesson should appropriate the children natural stages development
        
        Influence on Educational Practices Today
        
        Prepare caring teacher
        
        Not to rush or pressure child
        
        https://youtu.be/JVKTnZCD7qo
        
        Advices to use object and picture
- - - - Johann Friedrich Herbart was a pioneer of modern teaching. He introduced a scientific and structured approach to education, focusing on moral development and clear teaching steps. His ideas laid the foundation for modern lesson planning and pedagogy.
    - - 5 Formal Steps of Teaching (Herbartian Method)
        
        Association – Compare and relate the new knowledge with previous knowledge.
        
        Generalization – Help students form general ideas or concepts.
        
        Application – Apply the knowledge to new situations in real life.
        
        Preparation – Connect the new lesson to students' prior knowledge.
        
        Presentation – Present the new content clearly.
    - - Teachers need to clearly identify the skills and concepts they are going to present to students,
        
        Present them in an organized and unambiguous way
    - - Interest equals to a person's ability to bring and retain an idea in consciuosness.
      - Large mass of network of ideas generate great number of interests.
        
        Appercentive mass
      - Concern about students' moral development - emphasize humanistic studies of history and literature as rich sources of moral value.
        
        Brings history and literature into the curriculum.
    - - Learning happens when new ideas connect with existing knowledge in the learner’s mind.
        Teachers should always link new lessons to students’ prior experiences.
    - - He made education a science
      - He introduced the idea of Apperception
      - He created a structured method of teaching
- - - - wanted education based on the activities that people needed to survive ( :star: modern survival). :
        
        skill found in science & technology - prepared individuals to be intelligent producers & consumers in an industrial society.
        
        He found that schools historically resisted change and needed to modernize their curriculum by including more science & technology.
- - - - Only the best and brightest applicants are admitted
        
        Program emphasizes science and technology
        
        Teaching becomes competitive — tenure unlikely :fire:
        
        Incompetent teachers eliminated
        
        Competent teachers replace them
- - - - :warning:
        
        (1) self-preservation activities, which are basic to all other activities;
        
        (2) occupational or professional activities, which make a person economically self supporting;
        
        (3) child-rearing activities;
        
        (4) social and political participation activities;
        
        (5) leisure and recreation activities
- - - - Children learn through direct experience
- - - - Emphasized natural freedom and equality
    - - Believed humans are inherently good but corrupted by society
- - - - Famous work is Emile, the story of a boy’s education from
        infancy to adulthood.
      - Born in Geneva, Switzerland
      - Full name is Jean-Jacques Rousseau
      - His main idea about education is "education should nurture child's natural development instead of impose rigid discipline"