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(Animal Physiology) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Body Plans
        
        Symmetry
        
        Radial
        
        Bilateral
        
        Body Cavities
        
        Acoelomate
        
        Pseudocoelomate
        
        Coelomate
      - Levels of Organization
        
        Cell
        
        Tissue
        
        Organ
        
        Organ System
    - - Epithelial Tissue
        
        Covers surfaces
        
        Shapes: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
        
        Layers: Simple, Stratified
      - Connective Tissue
        
        Loose
        
        Fibrous
        
        Bone
        
        Cartilage
        
        Blood
        
        Adipose
      - Muscle Tissue
        
        Skeletal
        
        Cardiac
        
        Smooth
      - Nervous Tissue
        
        Neurons
        
        Glial cells
    - - Homeostasis
        
        Stable internal environment
      - Negative Feedback
        
        Example: Thermoregulation
        
        Example: Blood glucose regulation
      - Positive Feedback
        
        Example: Childbirth
        
        Example: Blood clotting
    - - Endotherms vs Ectotherms
      - Heat Exchange Mechanisms
        
        Insulation
        
        Evaporation
        
        Behavioral Responses
        
        Circulatory Adaptations
        
        Vasodilation
        
        Vasoconstriction
        
        Countercurrent Exchange
      - Acclimatization
        
        Seasonal changes
        
        Cellular adjustments
    - - Bioenergetics
        
        Flow of energy through an animal
      - Metabolic Rate
        
        BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)
        
        SMR (Standard Metabolic Rate)
      - Influencing Factors
        
        Body size
        
        Activity level
        
        Environment
      - Energy Budgets
        
        Growth
        
        Reproduction
        
        Maintenance
        
        Movement
  - - - Essential Nutrients
        
        Amino Acids
        
        8 essential for adults
        
        Fatty Acids
        
        Vitamins
        
        Water-soluble
        
        Fat-soluble
        
        Minerals
      - Dietary Deficiencies
        
        Malnutrition
        
        Undernutrition
    - - Ingestion
        
        Types: Suspension, Substrate, Fluid, Bulk feeders
      - Digestion
        
        Mechanical digestion
        
        Chemical digestion
        
        Enzymes: Amylase, Protease, Lipase
        
        Intracellular vs Extracellular
      - Absorption
        
        Nutrients into blood/lymph
        
        Small intestine
      - Elimination
        
        Undigested material expelled
    - - Alimentary Canal
        
        Mouth
        
        Teeth
        
        Saliva
        
        Pharynx & Esophagus
        
        Stomach
        
        Gastric juices
        
        Chyme
        
        Small Intestine
        
        Duodenum
        
        Nutrient absorption
        
        Large Intestine
        
        Water absorption
        
        Feces formation
        
        Rectum & Anus
      - Accessory Glands
        
        Salivary Glands
        
        Liver
        
        Produces bile
        
        Gallbladder
        
        Stores bile
        
        Pancreas
        
        Digestive enzymes
        
        Bicarbonate
    - - Carnivores
      - Herbivores
      - Omnivores
      - Length of digestive tract
        
        Herbivores longer
      - Mutualistic Adaptations
        
        Microbiomes
        
        Ruminants (e.g. cows)
    - - Nervous System
        
        Enteric division
        
        Reflexes
      - Hormonal Regulation
        
        Gastrin
        
        Secretin
        
        CCK (Cholecystokinin)