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(Animal Physiology) - Coggle Diagram
Animal Physiology
Chapter 40 – Animal Form & Function
Animal Organization
Body Plans
Symmetry
Radial (e.g., jellyfish)
Bilateral (e.g., humans, insects)
Body Cavities
Acoelomate (flatworms)
Pseudocoelomate (roundworms)
Coelomate (segmented worms, vertebrates)
Levels of Organization
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organ Systems
Digestive - absorption
Circulatory - transport
Respiratory - gas exchange
Nervous - coordination
Tissues
Epithelial Tissue
Function: covers surfaces, protection
Shapes: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Layers: Simple, Stratified
Location: skin, intestines, lungs
Connective Tissue
Loose (binds epithelium)
Fibrous (tendons, ligaments)
Bone (calcium matrix)
Cartilage (flexible support)
Blood (transport)
Adipose (stores fat)
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal (voluntary, striated)
Cardiac (involuntary, heart only)
Smooth (involuntary, organs)
Nervous Tissue
Neurons (transmit signals)
Glial cells (support neurons)
Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves
Feedback Mechanisms
Homeostasis
Maintains internal balance
Example: body temperature
Negative Feedback
Reduces stimulus
Example: body temp ↓ → shivering
Example: blood sugar ↑ → insulin released
Positive Feedback
Amplifies stimulus
Example: childbirth (oxytocin)
Example: blood clotting
Thermoregulation
Ectotherms
Body temp depends on environment
Examples: reptiles, amphibians
Endotherms
Generate heat metabolically
Examples: mammals, birds
Mechanisms
Insulation (fur, feathers, fat)
Circulatory
Vasodilation (heat loss)
Vasoconstriction (heat retention)
Countercurrent exchange
Behavioral
Sun basking
Burrowing
Migration
Evaporative Cooling
Sweating
Panting
Acclimatization
Seasonal fur
Adjust enzyme levels
Energy Requirements
Bioenergetics
Energy flow through animals
Determines food needs
Metabolic Rate
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) - endotherms at rest
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR) - ectotherms at rest
Influencing Factors
Body size
Activity level
Environment
Energy Budget
Growth
Reproduction
Maintenance
Movement
Trade-offs
Energy allocated between functions
Chapter 41 – Animal Nutrition
Animal Diet
Essential Nutrients
Amino Acids (8 needed in adults)
Fatty Acids (unsaturated, for membranes)
Vitamins
Water-soluble (B, C)
Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K)
Minerals
Iron, calcium, sodium, potassium
Dietary Deficiencies
Protein deficiency
Iron deficiency → anemia
Vitamin C deficiency → scurvy
Food Processing
Ingestion
Types
Suspension feeders (whales)
Substrate feeders (caterpillars)
Fluid feeders (mosquitoes)
Bulk feeders (humans)
Digestion
Mechanical
Chewing, grinding
Chemical
Enzymes: amylase, pepsin, lipase
Extracellular
Occurs in lumen of digestive tract
Absorption
Nutrients absorbed into blood or lymph
Small intestine main site
Elimination
Undigested material excreted as feces
Digestive Organs
Alimentary Canal
Mouth - mechanical digestion, salivary amylase
Pharynx & Esophagus - swallowing, peristalsis
Stomach - pepsin, HCl, protein digestion
Small Intestine
Duodenum (digestion)
Jejunum/Ileum (absorption)
Large Intestine - water reabsorption, feces formation
Rectum & Anus - storage and expulsion
Accessory Organs
Liver - makes bile
Gallbladder - stores bile
Pancreas - digestive enzymes + bicarbonate
Salivary glands - saliva with amylase
Adaptations in Digestive Systems
Carnivores
Sharp teeth, shorter intestines
Herbivores
Flat teeth, long intestines
Cellulose digestion via microbes
Omnivores
Mixed features
Symbiotic Adaptations
Ruminants (cows, deer) - 4-chambered stomach
Microbiome - bacteria in gut
Regulation of Digestion
Nervous System
Enteric division - local control
Coordinates peristalsis, secretions
Hormonal Regulation
Gastrin - stimulates gastric juice
Secretin - stimulates bicarbonate from pancreas
CCK - stimulates bile and enzymes
Feedback
Food presence triggers hormone release