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Ecologism Key Thinkers - Coggle Diagram

- - - - His book "Small is beautiful" was a radical challenge to the 20th century's intoxication with what Schumacher described as "gigantism"
- - - - For Merchant, she was particularly interested in how patriarchal power is a feature of man's dominance over nature and the natural world.
  - - - The development of modern science led humans to believe that they can understand and thus control the natural world, meaning that nature has consequently ceased to be superior
- - - - He criticised those (such as shallow ecologists) who believed that capitalism could be sustained for more sustainable growth. 'Capitalism can be no more persuaded to limit growth than a human can be persuaded to stop breathing'
  - - - With no state and no capitalism, human would cease to exploit nature for their own purposes. The concept of scarcity would be abolished and consequently the dynamic growth of capitalism would come to an end.
- - - - John Locke - 'humans have become the masters and possessors of nature'
        
        James Lovelock - developed the idea that the Gaia Hypothesis (looks at the earth as one living creature)
        
        Arne Naess - termed ‘shallow ecology’ and ‘deep ecology’. Shallow ecologists want to use lessons of ecology to better human interests. Enlightened anthropocentrism.
        Deep ecologists want to eradicate the view that humans are superior to the rest of the natural world.
      - Human beings see the natural world as an economic resource, in The Turning Point (1982) Capra traced the origins of these ideas back to scientists and philosophers such as Newton.
        
        Cartesian-Newtonian Paradigm
      - 1966 Kenneth Boulding created this idea of the ‘spaceship earth’ which emphasizes the notion of limited and exhaustible wealth and the idea that our natural world is a ‘closed system’. Boulding claims that humans throughout time have acted as if economic resources are endless and that we have a ‘cowboy state’ displaying ‘reckless, exploitative and violent behaviour’.